Contribution of socioeconomic factors to the variation in body-mass index in 58 low- income and middle-income countries: an econometric analysis of multilevel.

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Contribution of socioeconomic factors to the variation in body-mass index in 58 low- income and middle-income countries: an econometric analysis of multilevel data Rockli Kim, ScD, Ichiro Kawachi, PhD, Brent A Coull, PhD, S V Subramanian, PhD The Lancet Global Health Volume 6, Issue 7, Pages e777-e786 (July 2018) DOI: 10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30232-8 Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Study overview DHS=Demographic Health Surveys. The Lancet Global Health 2018 6, e777-e786DOI: (10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30232-8) Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Between-population and within-population variance estimates in BMI and proportion explaned by individual-level factors (A) Pooled three-level analysis with individual-level socioeconomic factors. (B) India-specific four-level analysis with individual-level socioeconomic status and other factors (religion, birth history, health behaviours, illnesses, and diet). Exact estimates are reported in the appendix. BMI=body-mass index. The Lancet Global Health 2018 6, e777-e786DOI: (10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30232-8) Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Variance estimates from country-specific two-level random intercept models for body-mass index Estimates adjusted for age and socioeconomic factors (A) between individuals and (B) between communities. Exact estimates are reported in the appendix. The Lancet Global Health 2018 6, e777-e786DOI: (10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30232-8) Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license Terms and Conditions

Figure 4 Proportion of variance for body-mass index explained by basic socioeconomic factors Estimates are from country-specific two-level random intercept models (A) between individuals and (B) between communities. Basic socioeconomic factors were type of residence, education, wealth, and marital status. Exact estimates are reported in the appendix. The Lancet Global Health 2018 6, e777-e786DOI: (10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30232-8) Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license Terms and Conditions