Organelles: AP Biology Chapter 6

Try to print these out as the handout option and turn them into flash cards. I hope that you will be able to visually recognize the structures and learn about their functions. Enjoy!

The Cell Basic Unit of Life Bounded by a Plasma Membrane and encloses the nucleus and cytoplasm. Organelles are specialized bodies in the fluid matrix of the cytoplasm. These notes are to help you understand these parts and their role in living systems.

Nucleus: Genetic Library of the Cell Contains most of the genes in a Eukaryotic Cell Enclosed in a Nuclear Envelope Contains Chromosomes and Chromatin. Houses the Nucleolus Directs protein synthesis through messenger RNA (mRNA)

Nuclear Envelope and Pores

Chromatin vs Chromosomes

Nucleolus Contains ribosomal RNA. (rRNA) Manufactors small and large ribosome subunits.

Ribosomes Carry out Protein synthesis. Free Rib. in Cytosol. Bound attached to ER Can switch back and forth to satisfy the protein needs of the cells.

Endomembrane System: Collection of membranous parts of the cell. Protein synthesis, transport, metabolism of lipids, detoxification. Vesicles: sacs made of the membrne.

Endomembrane 1. Nuclear Envelope 2. Endoplasmic Reticulum 3. Golgi Apparatus 4. Lysosomes 5. Vacuoles 6. Plasma Membrane*

Endoplasmic Reticulum Network of membranes encompassing the nucleus. Ridges called cisternae (liquid reservoir) and gaps called lumen (cavity). Continuation of the nuclear envelope. Broken into two sections, Smooth and Rough.

Smooth ER Synthesis of Lipids Oils, steriods, Phospholipids Detoxification Liver Cells Storage of Calcium Muscles

Rough ER Ribosome’s attached (Hence rough) Protein synthesis Helps protein conformation Makes glycoproteins Produces the plasma membrane.

Insulin

Golgi Apparatus Accepts vesicles from ER Manufacture, modify, warehouse, sorting, shipping. Specialized for secretion Cis-face accepts and trans-face secretes. Adds molecular ID tags (zip code).

Lysosomes Vesicle of hydrolytic enzymes (animal) Produced by the ER and packaged by the Golgi Intracellular digestion Recycle Cellular Material

Tay-Sachs (missing lipid enzyme)

Vacuoles: Diverse Compartments Commonly found in plants and fungi Hydrolysis (similar to lysosome) Reservoir of Organic/Inorganic Material Major role in the growth of plants.

Mitochondria: Maker of ATP Site of Cellular Respiration. Found in most Eukaryotes Double Membrane Cristae (Surface area) Matrix Contain own DNA, enzymes, and ribosomes. Maker of ATP (Chp. 9)

Chloroplasts: Catchers of Light Site of Photosynthesis Found only in plants Contain chlorophyll, enzymes, ribosomes, and DNA. Chapter 10. Double membrane Contain thylakoids, granum, and covered by stroma.

Peroxisomes: Oxidators Help with metabolism. Transfers hydrogen’s to oxygen to make oxygen compounds. H2O2  H2O Commonly found in liver cells. Prepare fats for mitochondria.

Cytoskeleton: Support, mobility, Regulation

Cytoskeleton – Unique but similar 1. Microtubules 2. Microfilaments 3. Intermediate Filaments

Microtubules Hollow tubes of protein (tubulin) Frame of cilia and flagella. Compression resistent. Link organelles and act as a sidewalk.

Microfilament Made of the protein actin (muscles) Contract to move cell fluid  movement Contraction can lead to movement of cytoplasm in plants (cytoplasmic streaming)

Intermediate Filaments Proteins used for support and structure. Stabilize organelles and form the nuclear lamina (inside cover of the envelope.

Importance of Cytoskeleton

Review

Extracellular: Outside but important Cell Wall Extracellular Matrix (ECM) Intercellular Junctions

Cell Wall Additional extracellular support in plants. Start with Primary Wall  leading to Secondary. Walls come together to stabilize plants.

ECM

Intercellular Junctions Plasmodesmata Allows materials to pass from one plant cell to another.

Intercellular Junctions