Fig. 1 Patterns of productivity during a scientific career.

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Fig. 1 Patterns of productivity during a scientific career. Patterns of productivity during a scientific career. (A) Publication history of Kenneth G. Wilson (Nobel Prize in Physics, 1982). Horizontal axis indicates the number of years after the scientist’s first publication, and each vertical line corresponds to a research paper. The height of each line corresponds to c10, that is, the number of citations the paper received after 10 years (sections S1.3 and S1.6). The highest-impact paper of Wilson was published in 1974, 9 years after his first publication, and it is the 17th of his 48 papers; hence, t* = 9, N* = 17, and N = 48. (B) Distribution of the highest-impact paper across all scientists. We highlight in blue the bottom 20% of the area, corresponding to low maximum impact scientists ; red area indicates the high maximum impact scientists (top 5%, ); yellow corresponds to the remaining 75% medium maximum impact scientists . These cutoffs do not change if we exclude review papers from our analysis (see figs. S4 and S36). (C) Number of papers N(t) published up to time t for three scientists with low, medium, and high impact but with comparable final number of papers throughout their career. (D) Distribution of the productivity exponents γ (18). The productivity of high-impact scientists grows faster than does that of low-impact scientists. (E) Dynamics of productivity, as captured by the average number of papers 〈n(t)〉 published each year for high-, average-, and low-impact scientists. t = 0 corresponds to the year of a scientist’s first publication. Roberta Sinatra et al. Science 2016;354:aaf5239 Published by AAAS