Sarah R. Heilbronner, Michael L. Platt Neuron

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Causal Evidence of Performance Monitoring by Neurons in Posterior Cingulate Cortex during Learning Sarah R. Heilbronner, Michael L. Platt Neuron Volume 80, Issue 6, Pages 1384-1391 (December 2013) DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.09.028 Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Novelty and Reward Size Shape Learning in Monkeys (A) Trial structure. Trials began with a fixation period, followed by scene display, another fixation period, and then choice. (B) Trial types. Scenes could be high value or low value, with correct eye movement assigned to left or right. Some scenes were reference (viewed every day), some were new scenes introduced at the start of the day (novel), and some were new scenes introduced midway through the session (addition). (C) Behavioral performance. (D–F) Averaged performance across all scenes within type, by trial number within session. Performance on novel (D), addition (E), reference (F) scenes. Neuron 2013 80, 1384-1391DOI: (10.1016/j.neuron.2013.09.028) Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Error Signals Carried by CGp Neurons Reflect Reward Size and Novelty (A) Error signal averaged across all recorded CGp cells during different trial epochs. Signal is aligned to key task events and replotted for consistency. The error signal was not present prior to outcome, and it disappeared at the start of the following trial. (B) Error signal (±SEM) during outcome period for a single CGp cell. (C) Population error signal by scene type. (D) Population error signal by scene value. Neuron 2013 80, 1384-1391DOI: (10.1016/j.neuron.2013.09.028) Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 CGp Inactivation Abolishes New Learning but Not Recall in Low Motivational States (A) Mean performance (±SEM) on novel scenes. (B) Performance on reference scenes. (C) Performance of each monkey on novel, low-reward scenes during saline (black) and muscimol (red) sessions. (D) Averaged performance on low-value, novel scenes, across trial number. Yellow lines are 95% confidence intervals. Neuron 2013 80, 1384-1391DOI: (10.1016/j.neuron.2013.09.028) Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions