Counterargument and Refutation

Counterargument

Counterargument In persuasive-argumentative writing, used to show your readers that you are knowledgeable about a full  range of positions other than your own. As a rhetorical strategy, it demonstrates that you are interested in finding common ground and consensus with your opponents. As a statement of your character, it shows that you are honest and forthcoming about other viewpoints that might jeopardize your position.

Three Stages of Counterargument STAGE 1: ACKNOWLEDGMENT

a paraphrase, with useful examples, of an argument posed by your potential opponents proof to your readers that you can, not only understand the complex ideas of your opponents, but digest them clearly for the edification of your readers. remains neutral in tone introduces the counter-argumentative process as if to say, “Let me see if I understand my opponent correctly: . . . .”

STAGE 2: ACCOMMODATION

a statement conceding to the merit of some part of the opposing argument--either in the argument, itself, or in the character and values of the arguer establishes common ground. shows you are representing the opposition as fairly as possible. points out logic, values, interpretations, motivations that you respect in the opposing argument shows you are capable of empathy and understanding. is careful to agree ONLY IN PART with the opponent proves you've chosen an opponent of equal or greater strength

STAGE 3:  REFUTATION

Argue against the opponent on the terms introduced by you in acknowledgment, OR Subvert the choice of criteria used the opponent, by introduced what you believe to be a more valid set of criteria to discuss the argument.  remains even-tempered and uses a rational tone responds by addressing those parts of the opposing argument with which you CANNOT agree: interpretations of the facts; inappropriate examples subverts logic or questions the values in the opposing argument, in defense of your own position. does not veer off topic:  stays focused on the criteria introduced in acknowledgment

Pitfalls Avoid becoming shrill in your tone. Address the issue at hand to avoid making ad hominem attacks or red herring arguments. Be sure to do a full and thorough job of accommodation; do not, for example, write, “My opponent might make a good point, but . . .” Don’t forget to include examples in every stage of the counterargument. Be certain that your refutation doesn’t change the topic capriciously.  If you dointentionally change the issue that was introduced in the Acknowledgment, make sure that you explain your rationale. Identify the source of your opposing arguments as specifically as possible, and represent your opponent fairly and honestly.