In vivo imaging of cartilage degeneration using μCT-arthrography

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In vivo imaging of cartilage degeneration using μCT-arthrography T.M. Piscaer, M.D., J.H. Waarsing, Ph.D., N. Kops, B.Sc., P. Pavljasevic, B.Sc., J.A.N. Verhaar, M.D., Ph.D., G.J.V.M. van Osch, Ph.D., H. Weinans, Ph.D. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage Volume 16, Issue 9, Pages 1011-1017 (September 2008) DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2008.01.012 Copyright © 2008 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 (A) Representation of selection of the different ROIs from the μCT-arthrogram (transversal plane), 1: ROI for determination of ioxaglate diffusion into the cartilage matrix. 2: ROI for determination of ioxaglate leakage out of joint cavity 3: ROI for selection of the total cartilage used for determination of cartilage volume and mean attenuation. (B) Representation of the manual selection of the patellar cartilage layer from the histological sections. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2008 16, 1011-1017DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2008.01.012) Copyright © 2008 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 μCT-arthrogram of a rat knee at different sections. (A and B) Sagittal plane, showing non-calcified cartilage, meniscus, ligaments, and bone structures of the knee. (C) Coronal plane, showing the posterior part of the knee with its structures. (D) Transversal plane, showing the inferior part of the knee with small ligamentous structures. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2008 16, 1011-1017DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2008.01.012) Copyright © 2008 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 Representative histological sections with their corresponding μCT-arthrography slices of the patellae of saline injected and MIA injected knees, 4, 14 and 44 days after injection. Histological sections are double stained with a Von Kossa staining showing the calcified tissue (brown–yellow) and a thionine staining showing the GAG containing cartilage (purple). Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2008 16, 1011-1017DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2008.01.012) Copyright © 2008 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 4 Contrast-dye kinetics over a period of 350min. Data obtained from the time-series scans, showing the X-ray attenuation values over time in the different compartments. The curve of the intra-articular fluid in the intra-cavital knee space of the intra-articular fluid (all knees MIA+saline injected, n=10) indicates ioxaglate leakage out of the knee space. The curve for the degenerated (MIA, n=5) and healthy (saline, n=5) cartilage of both MIA (n=5) and saline (n=5) injected knees indicates diffusion of ioxaglate in and out of the cartilage. μCT-attenuation values of air, cortical bone and full strength Hexabrix320 are visualized with the dotted lines. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2008 16, 1011-1017DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2008.01.012) Copyright © 2008 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 5 Quantification of segmented cartilage of μCT and histology. (A) Percentage volume change of segmented cartilage of MIA injected knees over the control condition (contra-lateral side), values of μCT-arthrography and histological obtained data are presented. (B) Percentage μCT-attenuation and histological staining intensity changes of cartilage from MIA injected over control knees. (C) Three dimensional reconstructions of patellae with segmented cartilage layer. Note the decrease of segmented cartilage volume over time and adjacent bone erosion (arrow) at 44 days post MIA injection. (D) μCT-arthrography images in a transversal plane. The patellar cartilage is presented in colors that resemble the attenuation patterns. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2008 16, 1011-1017DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2008.01.012) Copyright © 2008 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 6 Cumulative histograms of the patellar cartilage. (A) Histograms of the μCT-arthrograms. (B) Histograms of histological sections. Both histograms show a similar increase in volume with increasing μCT-attenuation (A) or staining intensity (B) depending on the time after MIA injection. The histological obtained cumulative histograms (B) reach a plateau at high attenuation values which represents the actual cartilage volume. The cumulative histograms of the μCT-arthrograms do not reach a plateau at the actual cartilage volume due to interference of bone and intra-cavital ioxaglate attenuation. The relative shift in the attenuation/intensity at 4, 16 and 44 days is similar in μCT and histological evaluations. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2008 16, 1011-1017DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2008.01.012) Copyright © 2008 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions