Patterns of Social Inequality on a Global Scale Core – periphery model Patterns of Social Inequality on a Global Scale The Core The 'core' consists of Europe (excluding Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus) , the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, South Korea, and Israel. Within this region is where most of the positive characteristics of globalisation typically occur: transnational links, modern development (i.e. higher wages, access to healthcare, adequate food/water/shelter), scientific innovation, and increasing economic prosperity. These countries also tend to be highly industrialised and have a rapidly-growing service (tertiary) sector. The top twenty countries ranked by the United Nations Human Development Index are all in the core. However, of note is the slowing, stagnant, and occasionally declining population growth of these countries. The opportunities created by these advantages perpetuate a world driven by individuals in the core. People in positions of power and influence around the world are often brought up or educated in the core (nearly 90% of world "leaders" have a degree from a Western university).

Core – periphery model The Periphery The 'periphery' consists of the countries in the rest of the world: Africa, South America, Asia (excluding Japan and South Korea), and Russia and many of its neighbours. Although some parts of this area exhibit positive development (especially Pacific Rim locations in China), it is generally characterised by extreme poverty and a low standard of living. Health care is non-existent in many places, there is less access to clean safe water than in the industrialised core, and poor infrastructure engenders slum conditions. Population is skyrocketing in the periphery because of a number of contributing factors including a limited ability to move and the use of children as means to support a family, among others.Many people living in rural areas perceive opportunities in cities and take action to migrate there, even though there are not enough jobs or housing to support them. Over one billion people now live in slum conditions, and the majority of population growth around the world is occurring in the periphery. The rural-to-urban migration and high birth rates of the periphery are creating both megacities, urban areas with over 8 million people, and hypercities, urban areas with over 20 million people. These cities, such as Mexico City or Manila, have little infrastructure and feature rampant crime, massive unemployment, and a huge informal sector.

The Gini Coefficient What is it? How is it calculated? Assess its value as a measure of inequality?

The Human Development Index (HDI) What is it? How is it calculated? Assess its value as a measure of inequality?

The Global Distribution of Girls NOT at Secondary School What does the map show?

Patterns of Social Inequality on a National Scale At national scale, most countries display inequalities between regions. People living in core regions, such as most capital cities, where wealth and investment are high, tend to have good access to services whereas the more peripheral regions, those usually furthest away from the core, suffer from limited access (CORE PERIPHERY THEORY) Core – periphery model Access to services is influenced by three factors: number of services available. how easy it is to get to the service, e.g. quantity and quality of transport links and geographical distance. social and economic factors, e.g. factors such as age, gender, income.

How and why spatial patterns of social inequalities vary? Globally, low incomes are linked to ill-health, lower education level and poor access to services. The lack of formal qualifications and low skill sets are major obstacles to raising income and thereby reducing social inequality. Cost of living is important when discussing wealth. If income rises, but food, housing, clothes etc. increases outstrip the extra, then that person is less well-off. A key factor here is disposable income: the amount left over after the essentials of life (food, housing and clothing) have been bought. Factors:- Wealth- Housing Health Education Access to services Sub-standard housing, poor diet, unhealthy lifestyles and additional stresses living in poverty take their toll. Often, the distribution of health care services is uneven. Locally, groups such as the elderly have limited mobility which can restricts access to primary health care. In rural areas health facilities are more dispersed, and access to healthcare is hard for those with no transport. The smaller the income of a household, the less choice of housing they have. Poor quality housing and overcrowded conditions create ill-health. This often occurs when demand exceeds supply. In LIDCs and some EDCs, millions of people have little choice but to live in slum housing. Often because of rapid urbanization, the municipal authorities are simply overwhelmed by the scale of demand and lack the resources to increase the supply of decent housing. Homelessness is a growing problem among urban populations in many ACs. This group may resort to squatting illegally in derelict buildings. Housing affordability also plays a role, when housing costs rise faster than incomes any can be excluded from housing, especially as in recent years the amount of social housing has decreased. In rural areas, increases in 2nd home ownership have raised process and priced many locals out of the market. Most governments invest in this to improve quality of life. Illiteracy excludes people from accessing training and skills and thus, employment. Accessing is hardest for rural dwellers of LIDCs. At the global scale there are stark inequalities between societies in ACs, EDCs and LIDCs in terms of access to services. For example, one measure of access to medical services is the number of doctors per 1000 people. In Norway (AC) there are 4.1, in Brazil (EDC) there are 1.9 while in Chad (LIDC) there are 0.2.

WEALTH HOUSING EDUCATION HEALTHCARE ACCESS TO SERVICES Globally, low incomes are linked to ill-health, lower education level and poor access to services. The lack of formal qualifications and low skill sets are major obstacles to raising income and thereby reducing social inequality. Cost of living is important when discussing wealth. If income rises, but food, housing, clothes etc. increases outstrip the extra, then that person is less well-off. A key factor here is disposable income: the amount left over after the essentials of life (food, housing and clothing) have been bought. WEALTH Sub-standard housing, poor diet, unhealthy lifestyles and additional stresses living in poverty take their toll. Often, the distribution of health care services is uneven. Locally, groups such as the elderly have limited mobility which can restricts access to primary health care. In rural areas health facilities are more dispersed, and access to healthcare is hard for those with no transport. The smaller the income of a household, the less choice of housing they have. Poor quality housing and overcrowded conditions create ill-health. This often occurs when demand exceeds supply. In LIDCs and some EDCs, millions of people have little choice but to live in slum housing. Often because of rapid urbanization, the municipal authorities are simply overwhelmed by the scale of demand and lack the resources to increase the supply of decent housing. Homelessness is a growing problem among urban populations in many ACs. This group may resort to squatting illegally in derelict buildings. Housing affordability also plays a role, when housing costs rise faster than incomes any can be excluded from housing, especially as in recent years the amount of social housing has decreased. In rural areas, increases in 2nd home ownership have raised process and priced many locals out of the market. HEALTHCARE At the global scale there are stark inequalities between societies in ACs, EDCs and LIDCs in terms of access to services. For example, one measure of access to medical services is the number of doctors per 1000 people. In Norway (AC) there are 4.1, in Brazil (EDC) there are 1.9 while in Chad (LIDC) there are 0.2. HOUSING Most governments invest in this to improve quality of life. Illiteracy excludes people from accessing training and skills and thus, employment. Accessing is hardest for rural dwellers of LIDCs. ACCESS TO SERVICES EDUCATION

There’s often an urban–rural divide in service access There’s often an urban–rural divide in service access. Urban dwellers, generally have better service access than rural counterparts. However, within both locations, those with higher incomes are advantaged. People living in low status housing areas struggle to access services such as retailing, public transport and banking. One service with differences among places is access to the internet. A digital divide exists in terms of both possessing the means to be online (owning equipment such as a mobile phone or laptop), as well as the quality (speed and bandwidth) of a connection. In the UK, for example, there are significant contrasts between urban–rural areas close to urban centres and remote rural areas in terms of broadband speed and signals for mobiles. It is interesting how in some EDCs and LIDCS mobile technology is beginning to reduce inequalities. The growth in satellite technology has removed need for fixed copper cables and with solar-powered recharging equipment, even remote and poor places can become linked in. One way in which social inequality can persist is in those places where the authorities restrict access to internet services. In both China and the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (North Korea) internet access is severely controlled by the governments

QUESTION: Explain how and why SOCIAL INEQUALITY can vary within nations.

The Khan Academy http://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/educationnews/95688 50/Khan-Academy-The-man-who-wants-to-teach-the- world.html Khan Academy: The man who wants to teach the world Salman Khan's online tutorials are already watched by millions, including Bill Gates' children. His aim is to create the first free, world-class virtual school