SLIDE I: CONTEXT Welfare and forest in Mozambique Pindanganga

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SLIDE I: CONTEXT Welfare and forest in Mozambique Pindanganga Miombo woodlands 75 km2 11 villages / 1364 hh 272 hh (20%) 6.08 members per hh Sussundenga Semi-evergreen forest 100 km2 5 villages / 1522 hh 274 hh (18%) 6.11 members per hh

SLIDE II: HOUSEHOLD INCOME SOURCES Pindanganga Sussundenga Per cap income in USD: Cash income: 122 (9.6) Sub. income: 59 (2.3) Total income: 181 (10.7) Per cap income in USD: Cash income: 92 (4.7) Sub. Income: 48 (1.5) Total income: 140 (5.3)

SLIDE III: INCOME SOURCES AND SEASONALITY PINDANGANGA SUSSUNDENGA

SLIDE IV: KEY FOREST AND ENVIRONMENTAL PRODUCTS % SUSSUNDENGA PINDANGANGA CHARCOAL 0.14 8.87 MATS 2.27 1.33 BAMBOO 0.00 4.25 TIMBER 0.06 5.41 FUELWOOD 40.60 22.90 GRASS 6.09 5.68 POLE 8.29 3.44 MEDICIN 0.68 ANIMAL 4.61 5.19 FISH 3.23 5.11 MUSHROOM 0.41 0.16 GOLD 18.88 26.38 FOR ENV (USD) 39.17 83.11

SLIDE V: INCOME COMPOSITION AND POVERTY PINDANGANGA 1 2 3 4 5 TOTAL USD 76.2 110.9 146.8 196.3 405.8 FOREST SHARE 12.9 13.2 17.6 20.0 17.1 ENVIRONMENTAL SHARE 23.2 20.5 23.7 21.5 GOLD SHARE 5.4 7.0 6.0 11.2 11.9 FOR ENV SHARE 36.1 36.4 38.1 43.6 38.6 SUSSUNDENGA 1 2 3 4 5 TOTAL USD 74.3 110.3 147.9 194.7 316.9 FOREST SHARE 10.7 8.9 8.1 7.9 6.9 ENVIRONMENTAL SHARE 13.6 16.8 17.0 16.1 16.2 GOLD SHARE 0.8 3.4 4.2 5.0 6.0 FOR ENV SHARE 24.4 25.7 25.1 24.0 23.1 PINDANANGA Small-scale farmers Larger agriculturalists Diversified producers Livestock Commercial forest users Wage workers TOTAL USD 181.0 243.4 213.6 217.7 252.5 242.4 FOREST SHARE 21.2 15.2 14.7 13.4 19.7 16.5 ENVIRONMENTAL SHARE 24.1 23.7 22.4 27.6 17.9 15.6 GOLD SHARE 8.7 12.2 8.8 15.1 5.1 5.7 FOR ENV SHARE 66.0 55.0 43.0 23.0 22.0 12.0 SHARE SAMPLE 30 25 19 10 5

SLIDE VI: COPING STRATEGIES RESPONSE SUSSUNDENGA PINDANGANGA SAVINGS 55.6 45.6 AGRICULTURE 7.9 22.3 WAGEWORK 26.0 13.2 OTHER 4.9 6.0 FOREST AND ENVIRONMENT 1.0 LIVESTOCK 1.3 3.7 SOCIAL SUPPORT 2.3 2.0 REDUCTION IN CONSUMPTION 0.3 1.7 NGO & GOV SUPPORT 0.6 LOAN 0.0

SLIDE VI: STEPPING STONE OUT OF POVERTY CASH TO TOTAL INCOME Small diversified Business Environmental users Wage workers Agriculture Forest users CASH_FOREST 13.0 3.6 2.0 5.0 15.2 CASH_ENVIRONMENT 11.0 8.8 29.6 7.4 13.2 6.2 CASH_AGRIC 12.7 11.5 7.6 17.2 22.4 9.0 CASH_LIVESTOCK 1.8 1.1 4.5 5.5 6.7 WAGE 12.0 14.7 18.4 0.3 8.0 BUSS 0.7 16.5 7.3 11.7 9.4 SUPPORT 1.6 1.9 0.9 6.3 OTHER 0.8 0.6 1.4 0.2 TOTAL (USD) 181 214 218 242 243 252 SAVINGS + (***) IMPLEMENTS + (**) AGE OF HEAD - (**) YEARS IN VILLAGE + (+) EDUCATION

SLIDE VI: FOREST DEPENDENCE AND ROAD DISTANCE SUSSUNDENGA dist_km forest enviro~t 1 environment 0.172 -0.2351 PINDANGANGA 0.2212 -0.2031

SLIDE VII: POLICIES AND OVERALL FINDINGS Indication that forest provide means of poverty alleviation and asset accumulation for poor and rich households. Acknowledge income diversification – forest is just one component of many income activities undertaken by households.