Aim: Review for Test on German and Italian Unification Make sure to bring a pencil and a pen. Essay Topic: Explain how Italy and Germany became nations (name people, wars etc.) Castlelearning- 80 or better receives plus 5

1. Nationalism Nationalism- pride in one’s country. Need common language, customs and traditions. Can serve to unite a nation, however if too many ethnic groups- can divide. Makes them want independence ( a country of their own).

2A. Italy Cavour- architect of Italian Unification. Three part plan. Garibaldi- military leader- leader of the Red Shirts. Mazzini- founder of Young Italy

2B. Germany Bismarck- “Blood and iron”- use military force- fight wars. Realpolitik- whatever the nation needs. Fought Three wars: Danish War Austro-Prussian War Franco- Prussian War

2C. Austria Nationalism divided Austria Too many ethnic groups living in a small area. Did not want to live under Austria’s control or pay taxes to Austria. 50 million people in the empire. Less than 1/4th German speaking Austrians. Created dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary.

3. Who united Germany? How? Otto von Bismarck through “blood and iron.” Fought three wars. Increased the size and strength of Prussia’s military. Europe was afraid of a united Italy and Germany. Upset the balance of power in Europe.

4. Treaty of Frankfort Major victory for Germany over France. Created bitter enemies. Long term cause of WWI. France has to pay for damages. Alsace and Lorraine (natural resources) given to Germany. France occupied by troops.

5. Kulturkampf “Struggle for Civilization.” Anti-Catholic campaign begun by Bismarck because he felt that Catholics favored the Pope and their church over their country.

6. Industrialization after unification Germany had large coal and iron reserves. Rapid growing population. Zollverein- tax union. Passed laws to ban socialism.

7. William II foreign policy Bismarck had to resign. Continues to build a huge army and navy. Begins overseas expansion. Acquire territories abroad. Long term cause of WWI.

8. Italy difficult to unite Pope was against unification. Regional differences north and south. North- industrialized and rich. South- agricultural and poor. Geographical boundaries.

9. Who were the leaders of Italian unification? Cavour Garibaldi Mazzini

10. How did they unite Italy? Three part plan: 1. 1860- Parma, Modena and Tuscany voluntarily joined Sardinia-Piedmont. Garibaldi conquered the Kingdom of the 2 Sicilies. 2.Italy fought Austria and gained Venetia. 3. Attacked the Papal states.

11. What led to conflict in the Balkans? The end of the Ottoman Empire. It was falling apart and European nations raced to claim a part. Long term cause of WWI.