20 March 2018 Enabling Technologies for Green Internet of Things Authors: Faisal Karim Shaikh, Sherali Zeadally, Ernesto Exposito Published: IEEE Systems Journal, Vol. 11, No. 2, June 2017 Abhishek Viswanathan School of Computing & Information University of Pittsburgh CS3720 – Advanced Topics on Internet of Things

Green IoT: Why? When? Where? How? ICT’s global carbon footprint – Currently 3%, will be 6-8% in two years. When? Ideally when IoT became a thing, but it’s never too late. Where? Everywhere! There are IoT Applications in almost all sectors: consumer, enterprise, manufacturing, agriculture, energy management, environmental monitoring, building automation, smart-cities, medical, transportation. How? This paper is a good jumping-off point.

Machines are generating a lot more data now What has changed? Machines are generating a lot more data now

Green IoT - Definition Green IoT can be defined as the energy efficient procedures (hardware or software) adopted by IoT either to facilitate reducing the greenhouse effect of existing applications and services or to reduce the impact of greenhouse effect of IoT itself. What I see it as: How can we make IoT less polluting, more efficient and leverage it to mitigate rapidly accelerating climate change?

Enabling Technologies for IoT Enablers Advantages Disadvantages Green Tags – RFID Small Easily to Integrate Non Line of Sight Cheap Active tags require battery Low transmission range Tags are difficult to Recycle Green Sensing Networks Helps us understand our environment Energy Efficient Could be battery-less (power-harvesting) Batteries need to be changed Sensors will eventually have to disposed Green Internet Technologies – Cloud High-performance computing High-capacity storage Financially beneficial Outsourced management Massive energy consumption -> CO2 footprint

Industrial Automation Predictive Maintenance Smart-Metering Asset-Tracking Automated Vehicles Smart Plant Monitoring Ansys’ Digital Twin

Health & Living Real-time Tracking and Identification Smart Data Collection Smart Sensing Smart Sports Smart Social Networks

Habitat Monitoring Smart agriculture Smart Animals Smart Underwater Sensor Networks

Smart Cities Smart Buildings Smart Streetlights Smart Waste Smart Environment Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design

Energy Smart Grid Smart Metering smart meters give you near real time information on energy use - expressed in pounds and pence you will be able to better manage your energy use, save money and reduce emissions smart meters will bring an end to estimated billing - you will only be billed for the energy you actually use, helping you budget better in time smart meters will make switching supplier smoother and faster, making it easier to get the best deals

Transportation Smart Parking Smart Traffic Congestion Detection Smart Logistics/Shipment To detect whether spaces are open or occupied, the Los Angeles Department of Transportationembedded wireless sensors on 6,300 parking spaces and in some city-owned parking lots. In contrast to traditional traffic engineering approaches, our approach gives agency and decision-making influence to individual drivers and exploits auction mechanisms to make traffic control decisions. Drivers make payments to their corresponding movement managers (each responsible for a particular directional flow through the intersection), and movement managers then compete for control of the signal. 

Lessons Simplicity Sensing sensibly Data & Context-Awareness Interference-free Mobile Apps

Related Projects & Standardization Project EARTH – Energy Aware Radio and neTwork tecHnologies Energy Efficiency of Wireless Communication Systems TREND – Toward Real Energy-efficient Network Design Collect and Assess power consumption data and potential of new technologies GreenNet Spreading awareness of green networks TSCGCC – Technical Subcommittee on Green Communications and Computing Develop and Standardize Energy Efficient communications and computing GreenTouch Reducing the CO2 footprint of ICT devices & Networks

Challenges & Opportunities Green IoT Architectures Green Infrastructure Green Spectrum Management Green Communication Green Security & QoS Provisioning Green IoT architectures: models where both devices and protocols are energy efficient Green Infra: Clean-slate is too radical, focus on exploiting current infra to make it more green Green spectrum mgmt.: Cognitive radio – monitor spectrum and transmit during free time Green Comm – Tethering & Multihopping to save energy while scaling Green Security & QoS -

Thank you.