IPv6 Addressing By Aman Agrawal 1741106 Archisman Bhattacharya 1741110 Gaurang Pande 1741119

What is IPv6? A numerical label that is used to identify a network interface of a computer or a network node participating in an IPv6 computer network. Identifies the individual network interface of a host, locating it on the network, and thus permitting the routing of IP packets between hosts.

INTERNET PROTOCOL VERSION 4 Fourth revision of the Internet Protocol (IP) used to to identify devices on a network through an addressing system. The Internet Protocol is designed for use in interconnected systems of packet-switched computer communication networks . IPv4 is the most widely deployed Internet protocol used to connect devices to the Internet. Uses a 32-bit address scheme allowing for a total of 2^32 addresses (just over 4 billion addresses). With the growth of the Internet it is expected that the number of unused IPv4 addresses will eventually run out because every device that connects to the Internet requires an address.

INTERNET PROTOCOL VERSION 6 Newest version of the Internet Protocol (IP) reviewed in the IETF standards committees to replace the current version of IPv4 (Internet Protocol Version 4). It was designed as an evolutionary upgrade to the Internet Protocol. IPv6 is designed to allow the Internet to grow steadily, both in terms of the number of hosts connected and the total amount of data traffic transmitted.

IPv6 is often referred to as the "next generation" Internet standard and has been under development now since the mid-1990s. An IP address is binary numbers but can be stored as text for human readers. For example, a 32-bit numeric address (IPv4) is written in decimal as four numbers separated by periods. Each number can be zero to 255. For example, 1.160.10.240 could be an IP address. IPv6 addresses are 128-bit IP address written in hexadecimal and separated by colons. An example IPv6 address could be written like this: 3ffe:1900:4545:3:200:f8ff:fe21:67cf.

Prefixes of IPV6 Used to identify the range of IP addresses that make up a subnet, or group of IP addresses on the same network. The leftmost fields of the IPv6 address contain the prefix, which is used for routing IPv6 packets. IP addresses are divided into portions. One part identifies the network (the network number) and the other part identifies the specific machine or host within the network (the host number). Example: a subnet can be used to identify all the machines in a building, department, geographic location, or on the same local area network (LAN).

Used when a host is attempting to communicate with another system If the system is on the same network or subnet, it attempts to find that address on the local link. If the system is on a different network, the packet is sent to a gateway that then routes the packet to the correct IP address. The prefix-length in IPv6 is the equivalent of the subnet mask in IPv4. However, rather than being expressed in four octets like it is in IPv4, it is expressed as an integer between 1 through 128.

An IPv6 address is eight groupings of numbers: Network address - the first three groupings of numbers (first 48 bits) in the subnet mask Subnet address - the fourth grouping of numbers (the 49th through 64th bits) in the subnet mask Device address - the last four groupings of numbers (the last 64 bits) in the subnet mask

IPv6 Address Space 128-bit address space 2128 possible addresses 6.65 x 1023 addresses for every square meter of the Earth’s surface 128 bits to allow flexibility in creating a multi- level, hierarchical, routing infrastructure

IPv6 Syntax IPv6 address in binary form 0010000000000001000011011011100000000000000000000010111100111011 0000001010101010000000001111111111111110001010001001110001011010 Divided along 16-bit boundaries Each 16-bit block is converted to hexadecimal and delimited with colons 2001:0DB8:0000:2F3B:02AA:00FF:FE28:9C5A Suppress leading zeros within each block 2001:DB8:0:2F3B:2AA:FF:FE28:9C5A 0010000000000001 0000110110111000 0000000000000000 0010111100111011 0000001010101010 0000000011111111 1111111000101000 1001110001011010

IPv6 Notation Uses hexadecimal rather than decimal for easier conversion of hexadecimal and binary over that of decimal to binary. Large that there is no attempt to make them palatable to most humans. Configuration of typical end systems is automated, and end users will almost always use names rather than IPv6 addresses.

Compressing Zeros A single contiguous sequence of 16-bit blocks set to 0 can be compressed to “::” (double-colon) Example: FE80:0:0:0:2AA:FF:FE9A:4CA2 becomes FE80::2AA:FF:FE9A:4CA2 FF02:0:0:0:0:0:0:2 becomes FF02::2 Cannot use zero compression to include part of a 16-bit block FF02:30:0:0:0:0:0:5 does not become FF02:3::5, but FF02:30::5

Benefits of IPv6 over IPV4 Provides a substantially larger IP Address space than IPV4 Better ability for auto configuring devices Consisting of simplified header structures leading to faster routing Provides better security for applications and networks Provides better Quality of Service Provides better multicast and other cast abilities Offers better mobility features Offers ease of Administration Follows the key design principles permitting a smoother transition

Types of IPV6 IPv6 has three types of addresses: 1.Unicast 2.Multicast 3.Anycast

A unicast address is used to refer to a single host A unicast address is used to refer to a single host. It is meant to send data to a single destination. Routing protocols : TCP, HTTP A multicast address can be used to deliver a package to a group of destinations. Any packet sent to a multicast address, will be delivered to every host that has joined that particular group. Routing protocols : IGMP The anycast address is very similar to the multicast address, but packets will be delivered to only one random host, instead of the entire group. Anycast address don't have a specific range, as they are exactly the same as regular unicast addresses. This means that a hosts has no way to distinguish a unicast from an anycast address when it sends a packet.

Important Questions What is unicast address? -2 Marks Name any two unicast routing protocols. -2 Marks Write a note on address space. -2 Marks Differentiate between IPv4 and IPv6. Also draw the datagram format of IPv4 and IPv6. -6 Marks List the advantages of IPv6 over IPv4. -6 Marks