Unit 1 Study Guide Summary Version You should add information/ connect these questions to the vocabulary terms from this Unit as well

Question #1 1b. Why did it start in Italy? Geography: Economy: peninsular nation-trade Roman ruins-near by Central Europe (many trade routes) Were church was centered ($) Economy: Trade Church gave money to artisans Rich people gave money to artisans (Patrons) Society: People were becoming individuals and wanted to live life to the fullest Government: - Italy was divided into city-states and each city-states would compete against one another for power. Each city-state was controlled by a powerful family (merchants) and these families wanted to keep the citizens of their states happy so that they could stay in power. 1a. What was the Renaissance? Description and Meaning: Critical rebirth of Greek and roman ideals era of creativity change and innovation Artists and scholars produced great work Age of examination and exploration Significance and Impact: Great art was produced, era of humanism, expression, individuality. Explored many areas they couldn’t before

2b. How did the art and literature of the time reflect humanist thought? Examples of individualism: Having personal needs/goals and wants Ex: Portraits (the Mona Lisa – by da Vinci) Secularism: Being interested in things of this world Art that focuses on worldly matters (Bruegel’s landscapes of peasant life) Idealism: The idea of a better/ ideal society to work towards Ex: An ideal society (Utopia by Sir Thomas Moore) Realism: Detailed Paintings that portray how things really look (Ex: Rabbit – by Durer) Skepticism: Questioning Authority/ Tradition (Ex: Copernicus is skeptical about geocentric universe) Question #2 2a. What was humanism Definition: Interest in the ancient world and renewed interest in learning and education The humanities: Examples: languages, math, history, etc. (the subjects you take) Impact/ effect: Renewed interest in logical thinking, art, and religion

Question #3 Expansion North – trade routes/ Italy’s location spread the Renaissance from Italy northward Influence of Artists – traveled significantly and more people experienced Renaissance Art Impact of Tech – Printing Press is cheaper and easier to produce (ex: bible) Compare and Contrast – Individualism – expressed through unique styles (ex: Shakespeare) Realism – Artists painted using perspective as oil paints are introduced Humanism – secularism: focus more on worldly things Skepticism – question authority including the Church, standard art practices and geocentric theory

Question 4 Reasons for breaking with Church Martin Luther’s Ideals Secular interests of the Church = not focusing on education, corruption and the selling of indulgences Indulgences = piece of paper that forgave people of their sins and then they would spend less time in purgatory 95 theses and spread – Martin Luther’s major work that spread via the Printing Press Martin Luther’s Ideals Pope did not speak for god, the church and priesthood was not needed for salvation and all you need is Faith to get to heaven. Diet of Worms – meeting organized by Charles V (HRE) ordering Luther to take back the 95 Theses. Excommunicated Luther when he refused

Question 5 Compare and Contrast Major tenants of Christianity – monotheistic, believed in 1 God and Jesus, and believed in the Bible Heaven  Catholicism (faith and good deeds/ Purgatory), Luther (just faith), Calvinism (Predestination) Bible  Catholic (only Church officials read bible) Luther (everyone can read bible/ rituals don’t mater) Calvin (read & interpret bible literally) Leadership  Catholic (Pope), Luther (elected council), Calvin (appointed elders)

Question 6 Reasons behind Henry 8th Edward Mary Elizabeth Personal issues – wife could not have anymore kids and he needs an heir so he wants to divorce his first wife Political issues – wanted more power and wealth (confiscated Church lands) Edward VERY protestant presented Crammers Book of common prayer and converted all of England into Protestantism Mary VERY Catholic – returned England to the Catholic faith and persecuted Protestants Elizabeth middle ground between Catholics and Protestants (gave power to the Bishops and ended religious strife in England)

Question 7 What was the Catholic Reformation  Goals Jesuits  Get Protestants to revert to Catholicism and emphasize elements of the Catholic faith Council of Trent  established reform in 1545, established schools and bettered education, tried to end corruption, reinforced what principles the Catholic faith believed in. Jesuits  founded by Loyola to recruit people to Catholicism Inquisition  church court to try people for heresy, and the index of forbidden books was a list of works considers too immoral for Catholics to read

Question 8 Scientific advances Kepler – planets revolved in ellipses Galileo – invented the telescope Brahe – supporting the heliocentric theory Newton – gravity Lew – microscope – cells and adam Boyle – matter is composed of tiny particles Ves – anatomy book and basic components of human anatomy Ambrose – artificial limbs Havey – circulation of blood described for the first time Problem solving through experimentation and observation Descartes/ Bacon = develops the Scientific method Why was it a Revolution: turning point = the introduction of a heliocentric universe, long lasting impact = most technology is developed using the Scientific Method (continues today)

Question 9 Scientific Method – Skepticism – questioning everything (traditions and older theories) Bacon and Descartes – devoted their lives to developing the Scientific Method Steps Stating the problem Gather information Form a theory Experiment Gather Data Come to a conclusion Share your data