Seed coat – original sporophyte ovule Endosperm – haploid gametophyte 5. Tracheophytes b. Groups i. Lycopodiophytes ii. Monilophytes iii. Gymnosperms - characteristics: (cuticle, stomates, xylem, phloem, dominant sporophyte, true leaves, and…) Seeds: seeds evolved in ancestral progymnosperms and “seed ferns”. Dispersal phase of life cycle is bigger and fortified with nutrients, increasing the probability of survival of the diploid embryo. Seed coat – original sporophyte ovule Endosperm – haploid gametophyte Embryo – new sporophyte generation http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/courses/botany_130/Diversity/plants/Vascular_Plants/Coniferophyta/images/

5. Tracheophytes b. Groups i. Lycopodiophytes ii. Monilophytes iii. Gymnosperms - characteristics Pollen: the male gametophyte carries sperm to the egg; no more swimming sperm and need for surface water! (in most gymnosperms) http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/webb/bot201/conifers/conifer_lecture.htm http://www.flickr.com/photos/chrisashurst/4630312934/

Common Conifers: Pines Spruce Fir Hemlock Conifers Cedars Cypress 5. Tracheophytes b. Groups i. Lycopodiophytes ii. Monilophytes iii. Gymnosperms - Diversity Common Conifers: Pines Spruce Fir Hemlock Cedars Cypress Yew Larch Redwood Conifers 600 of the 900 gymno species http://sorokaapbio1011.blogspot.com/ Gnetales http://dbpedia.neofonie.de/browse/rdf-type:Plant/rdf-type:Gnetophytes/ Ginkgo Cycads http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/seedplants/ginkgoales/ginkgo.html http://www.moplants.com/blog/?p=1077

Pines Yews Spruce Fir Redwoods Sequoia Cypress Hemlock Cedar Juniper 5. Tracheophytes b. Groups i. Lycopodiophytes ii. Monilophytes iii. Gymnosperms - Diversity Pines Yews Spruce Fir Redwoods Sequoia Cypress Hemlock Cedar Juniper Larch Conifers The dominant group of gymnosperms today, with about 600 of the 900 gymnosperm species. Both pollen and ovules borne in cones. Representatives include the largest and longest lived plants on earth.

5. Tracheophytes b. Groups i. Lycopodiophytes ii. Monilophytes iii. Gymnosperms - Life cycle http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/webb/bot201/conifers/MicroGameto240Lab.jpg

Still dominate in harsh, dry, or cold environments http://longleafs.info/pages/ecosystem.html http://www.ontariossunsetcountry.ca/category.cfm/code/300/tbid/1 http://friendsoftheinyo.org/cms/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=11&Itemid=4

5. Tracheophytes b. Groups i. Lycopodiophytes ii. Monilophytes iii. Gymnosperms iv. Angiosperms - characteristics Flower: leaf-like whorls fulfill different functions. Collectively, the ancestral adaptive value was to attract animal pollinators. http://kvhs.nbed.nb.ca/gallant/biology/biology.html

Pollinators forage non-randomly, and they can learn Pollinators forage non-randomly, and they can learn. So, by bribing pollinators with nectar, and advertising the location with large colorful petals, pollinators learn to visit flowers for food – and they “trapline”, going from flower to flower. Pollen transport is much more efficient than wind dispersal; less pollen is needed (but there are additional costs of flower ad nectar production.

Flowers can evolve to limit pollination to a particular type (or even species) of pollinator. Flies are attracted to flowers that smell like carrion. This increases the chance that the NEXT flower the pollinator visits will be a member of the same plant species. Hummingbirds are attracted to red tubular flowers, where the nectar is too deep for most insects to reach

Flowers can evolve to limit pollination to a particular type (or even species) of pollinator. Butterfly flowers offer a place to stand and probe many flowers from one place Many bat flowers are large, to receive the head of the bat. White is common for these flowers that open at night.

Flowers can evolve to limit pollination to a particular type (or even species) of pollinator. Orchids are one of the most derived groups of plants, and they show the most specialized flowers

In some flowering plants, the flowers have become very reduced – they no longer attract pollinators – the plants have returned to a wind-pollinated lifestyle. Oak flowers Ragweed flowers

5. Tracheophytes b. Groups i. Lycopodiophytes ii. Monilophytes iii. Gymnosperms iv. Angiosperms - characteristics Fruit: modification to ovary tissue (typically) to attract animals to consume fruit and disperse seeds. http://technabob.com/blog/2008/03/07/edible-apple-logo-reminds-me-of-the-fruit-salad-days/ http://sharon-taxonomy2010-p2.wikispaces.com/Angiosperms

Plants with dry, wind dispersed seeds are more common in fields, or in canopy trees. Fleshy fruits dispersed by animals are more common in forest understory and forest edges, where animals are more common.

5. Tracheophytes 6. Summary Algae – aquatic non-tracheophytes: cuticle Lycopodiophytes: vascular tissue and dominance of the sporophyte (tall) Monilophytes: true leaves Gymnosperms: Seeds and pollen; no swimming sperm Angiosperms: Flowers and fruit; use animals