SERIAL POSITION EFFECT 1 Primacy effect 2 Recency effect 20 3 4

Serial position effect Primacy effect = only a few words to focus on at beginning, so you are able to have time to put these in memory (are in LTM) Recency effect = last few words fresh in memory (are in STM) i.e., primacy effect measures LTM i.e., recency effect measures STM Modal model interpretation

Increase rate of presentation If we sped up the word reading rate, what would happen? Primacy effect: should decrease because you have less time to work (put them in memory) on the words Recency effect: should be no effect (storage in STM based on number of items) In experiments, predictions hold

Put a delay after last word before recall Predictions based on A-S Model Primacy effect: should not be affected because these items are in LTM Recency effect: should be diminished because items will be forgotten Actual experiment: supports predictions of A-S Model

Use recency to measure STM capacity Generally, it is between 2 and 7 items in experiments

Encoding processes rehearsal (repetition) Find meaning in items (meaningfulness) Relate items to each other (association)  there are a variety of processes for encoding (aka, control processes)

Retrieval processes E.g., serial search in STM Cases of search in LTM Usually, fast and easy But sometimes, you consciously search your memory

TOT examples A professional mapmaker = cartographer A rotating device used for stabilizing ships at sea = gyroscope Designed to induce a state where you know that you know the word, but you can’t recall the word at that moment (Tip-of-the-Tongue State, Brown & McNeil, 1966) Induces retrieval or search process

Typical search strategies in TOT state Remember first letter but not the whole word Remember a sound of part of the word (what it sounds like) Try to visualize