Solutions Vocabulary Saturated solution Solubility Unsaturated solution Miscible Immiscible Supersaturated solution Concentration Diluted solution Molarity Colligative property Freezing-point depression Concentrated solution Boiling-point elevation Molality Molar freezing-point depression constant (Kf) Molar boiling-point elevation constant (Kb)

Homogeneous Mixture (Solution) Same throughout Small particles Dissolved Can be solid, liquid, or gas

Parts of a Solution Solute - substance being dissolved Solvent - present in greater amount

What are some examples of homogeneous mixtures? Solute Solvent Example solid Alloys (brass, steel) liquid Salt water gas Air bubbles in ice cubes Rubbing alcohol, vinegar Soda Air

Unsaturated vs. Saturated

Supersaturated Solutions Contains more solute than a saturated solution

How to Increase Solubility: Add more solvent Heat Stir Broken solute into smaller particles

Solubility Chart assignment To Do: Solutions Vocabulary Solubility Chart assignment

Concentration of Solute: Molarity

The amount of solute in a solution is given by its concentration. Molarity ( M ) = moles solute liters of solution *to convert mass to moles: mass x 1 mol 1 molar mass Reasoning: Many solutions are made up of the same substances, but in varying concentrations.

Molarity Lab Lemonade Anyone?

Qualitative Data A B C Bottle Concentration Rank (1-strongest; 3-weakest) A B C

Assume the mix is half sucrose and half citric acid Quantitative Data M = mol mix a Liters of solution Bottle Liters of Solution Grams of Mix Grams of Sucrose *Moles of Sucrose grams of Citric Acid *Moles of Citric Acid Moles of Mix Molarity of Mix A  1.89  160   B  46 C  90 *to convert mass to moles: mass x 1 mol 1 molar mass Sucrose—C12H22O11 Citric Acid—C6H8O7 Assume the mix is half sucrose and half citric acid

A 4.0 g sugar cube (sucrose: C12H22O11) is dissolved in a 350 ml teacup filled with hot water. What is the molarity of the sugar solution? Step 1: Make all of the needed conversions. Convert grams to moles. Convert mL to L. Step 2: Calculate Molarity

Electrolyte Simulation Lab http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/sugar-and-salt-solutions

PHET Lab How much salt (in grams) is in the salt shaker? How much sugar (in grams) is in the sugar shaker? Why does the light bulb light up in the _________ solution but not the _________ solution? What is an electrolyte?

Colligative Properties Properties that change as concentration of a solution changes Density, color, taste Vapor pressure Boiling point Freezing point http://www.gpb.org/chemistry-physics/chemistry/1003

Colligative Property: Picture: Explanation: Density & Color Taste Vapor Pressure Depression Freezing Point Depression Boiling Point Elevation

Density & Color

Taste

Electrolytes vs. Nonelectrolytes The magnitude of the colligative property is directly proportional to the number of solute molecules or ions present. More of an effect on the colligative properties.

Vapor Pressure Depression 3,5

Boiling Point Elevation 4,7 Because vapor pressure is lowered, a higher temperature is required to push the molecules from liquid to gas state.

Freezing Point Depression 6,8

Colligative Properties Concept Review Work Session Colligative Properties Concept Review

Solutions Test Vocabulary Solubility Curve Colligative Properties Molarity Calculations