DISASTER EMERGENCY RESPONSE A PILLAR OF DISASTER RESILIENCE A Focus on Evacuations More Supercourse lectures on Disasters - http://www.pitt.edu/~super1/collections/collection52.htm Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA

The Timely And Intelligent Concentration of a City’s Resources to Meet Extremely Urgent Needs During the Initial Hours, Days, and Weeks After a Natural Hazard Strikes

AN INTELLIGENT CITY KNOWS WHAT IS HAPPENING AND WHAT TO DO WHEN PEOPLE, BUILDINGS AND INFRASTRUCTURE ARE THREATENED

FOUR PILLARS OF RESILIENCE NATURAL HAZARDS INVENTORY VULNERABILITY LOCATION RISK ASSESSMENT ACCEPTABLE RISK UNACCEPTABLE RISK RISK GOAL: DISASTER RESILIENCE DATA BASES AND INFORMATION COMMUNITY PREPAREDNESS PROTECTION EMERGENCY RESPONSE RECOVERY IENCE FOUR PILLARS OF RESILIENCE HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS

DISASTER RESILIENCE REQUIRES PUBLIC POLICIES THAT INTEGRATE RESEARCH, SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE, AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES ON THE FOUR PILLARS OF DISASTER RESILIENCE WITH THE CITY’S POLITICAL PROCESS

A DISASTER OCCURS WHEN A CITY’S PUBLIC POLICIES ALLOW IT TO BECOME … UN—PREPARED UN—PROTECTED UN—ABLE TO RESPOND EFFECTIVELY NON—RESILIENT IN THE RECOVERY PHASE

NATURAL HAZARDS THAT CREATED AN URGENT NEED FOR EMERGENCY EVACUATIONS

CAUSES OF DAMAGE/DISASTER INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING SOIL AMPLIFICATION PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SOIL FAILURE AND SURFACE FAULTING ) IRREGULARITIES IN MASS, STRENGTH, AND STIFFNESS EARTHQUAKES CASE HISTORIES FLOODING FROM TSUNAMI WAVE RUNUP AND SEICHE POOR DETAILING OF STRUCTURALSYSTEM FAILURE OF NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

FLOODS CAUSES OF DAMAGE AND DISASTER LOSS OF FUNCTION OF STRUCTURES IN FLOODPLAIN INUNDATION INTERACTION WITH HAZARDOUS MATERIALS STRUCTURAL/CONTENTS DAMAGE FROM WATER FLOODS WATER BORNE DISEASES (HEALTH PROBLEMS) CASE HISTORIES EROSION AND MUDFLOWS CONTAMINATION OF GROUND WATER

CHINA, 2008: SISCHUAN EARTHQUAKE CREATED EMERGENCY FLOODING SITUATIONS

SISCHUAN EARTHQUAKE IN CHINA Magnitude 7.9 2:28 PM, MAY 12, 2008

WHEN THE “EARTHQUAKE LAKES” FORMED IN THE HOURS AND DAYS, AFTER, THE MAY 12TH SISCHUAN EARTHQUAKE, THE NEED FOR EMERGENCY EVACUATIONS BECAME URGENT

“EARTHQUAKE LAKES” REPRESENTED A COMPLEX EMERGENCY COMBINING ELEMENTS OF RISK FROM: 1) A MAJOR EARTHQUAKE 2) LANDSLIDES 3) FLOODING FROM FAILURE OF “QUAKE LAKES,” CRACKED DAMS, AND 4) FLOODING FROM SEASONAL RAINS

THIS COMPLEX EMERGENCY HAD FAR- REACHING IMPACTS FOR 15 DAYS Forty-four of the counties and districts of Sishuan Province and one-half of its 20 million people were directly or indirectly affected.

WHAT HAPPENED? In less than 1 month, more than 1.2 million people were forced to flee their homes across nine provinces (including Sichuan), because of the landslides, “quake lakes,” and flooding threat.

CRACKS IN ZIPINGPU DAM: 1 OF 341 WEAKENED DAMS

ONE OF 69 "QUAKE LAKES": BEI HE RIVER DAMMED BY LANDSLIDE DEBRIS

TANGJIASHAN, LARGEST OF 69 "QUAKE LAKES"

DAY 4: FRIDAY,MAY 16, 2008 The Chinese Government increased the number of soldiers to 130,000 Large magnitude aftershocks caused additional landslides that contributed to formation of “quake lakes.”

DAY 5: SATURDAY 17, 2008 Survivors in the epicentral area were evacuated and/or encouraged to leave any way they could to escape perceived threats of more landslides and major flooding from the Min and other rivers.

EVACUATING LANDSLIDE AREAS

EVACUATIONS TO ESCAPE FLOODING THREAT

Continuing rainfall exacerbated the threat. DAYS 14-17: RISK REDUCTION FOR THE 69 "QUAKE LAKES" BECAME A TOP PRIORITY Sixty-nine “Quake Lakes” created in mountainous areas by the debris from landslides appeared ready to burst their banks. Continuing rainfall exacerbated the threat.

RISING WATER IN TANGJIASHAN CAUSED CONCERN

BEICHUAN: 3.3 KM (2 MI) DOWN-STREAM FROM A "QUAKE LAKE"

QUAKE-STRICKEN SICHUAN PROVINCE: NOW AT HIGHER RISK FROM FLOODING

DAYS 14-17: GOVERNMENT ASSIGNS TOP PROIORITY FOR THE TASK Prime Minister told ministers that alleviating the risk of flooding from the quake lakes was “the most pressing task” for the government and allocated $ 28 million to do it.

QUAKE-STRICKEN SICHUAN PROVINCE NOW FACING SEASONAL FLOODS JUNE 15, 2008

SOLDIERS REPAIRING CRACKS IN ZIPINGPU DAM:DUJIANGYAN

CHANGING RIVER GRADIENTS AND GREATING DIVERSION CHANNELS

THIRTY GIANT EARTHMOVERS FLOWN IN TO QUAKE LAKES

GOAL: CREATE A DIVERSION CHANNEL IN FIVE DAYS OR LESS

DAYS 14-17: GOVERNMENT PLANS EVACUATIONS TO REDUCE RISK Knowing that the rock-and-mud embankments of the “quake lakes” will eventually fail, authorities announced plans to evacuate more than a million people.

DAYS 14-17: EVACUATION IS A MAJOR CHALLENGE! Considering the locations of the 69 quake lakes and the people at risk, evacuation will have to be accomplished within one to four hours.

DAYS 14-17: EVACUATION WINDOW One to four hours is the time for the wall of water to reach and inundate scores of cities and rural villages, which are already devastated from the earthquake.

DIVERSION WAS SUCCESSFUL

KEY ELEMENTS OF INTELLIGENT EMERGENCY RESPONSE Communication Evacuation Mass Care Search and Rescue

KEY ELEMENTS OF INTELLIGENT EMERGENCY RESPONSE Emergency Medical Emergency Transportation Local, Regional, and International Assistance