HEALTH 105: FIRST AID AND SAFETY PROFESSOR ROSI ENRIQUEZ 5/8/2019 ESHE 105 3610502 MW 9:30-10:50

INJURIES, BLEEDING AND SHOCK Injury is one of our nations most serious problems. Injuries that damage, disable and kill are caused by different types of force. 5/8/2019 BLEEDING AND SOFT TISSUE INJURIES

BLEEDING AND SOFT TISSUE INJURIES TYPES OF BLEEDING EXTERNAL BLEEDING is either: Arterial bleeding Venous bleeding Capillary bleeding INTERNAL BLEEDING : can range from a minor to a major life threatening problem 5/8/2019 BLEEDING AND SOFT TISSUE INJURIES

BLEEDING AND SOFT TISSUE INJURIES TYPES OF WOUNDS IMPALEMENT CONTUSION (the only CLOSED WOUND) OPEN WOUNDS : INCISIONS ABRASIONS LACERATIONS PUNCTURES BURNS AVULSION AMPUTATION 5/8/2019 BLEEDING AND SOFT TISSUE INJURIES

BLEEDING AND SOFT TISSUE INJURIES STITCHES The following major injuries often require stitches: Bleeding from an artery-uncontrolled bleeding Wounds that expose muscle or bone, joints, wide open wounds Hands or feet that are wounded Large or deep puncture wounds Large or deeply embedded objects Human or animal bites Wounds that could leave conspicuous scars Facial wounds 5/8/2019 BLEEDING AND SOFT TISSUE INJURIES

BLEEDING AND SOFT TISSUE INJURIES INFECTIONS To prevent infections the best initial defense is to clean the area Most minor wounds can be washed with soap and water Major wounds require only that you stop the bleeding A tetanus booster is required every 5-10 years 5/8/2019 BLEEDING AND SOFT TISSUE INJURIES

BLEEDING AND SOFT TISSUE INJURIES Signs of Infection Area around wound becomes swollen and red Area is warm and throbbing with pain A discharge of pus More serious infections cause fever and illness Red streaks may develop that progress from wound in direction to heart 5/8/2019 BLEEDING AND SOFT TISSUE INJURIES

DRESSINGS AND BANDAGES Dressings are pads placed directly over the wound and come in various sizes Bandages are any materials used to wrap or cover any part of the body. Bandages are used to hold dressings in place and include: Band-Aids, triangular and roller bandages Made of gauze or elastic material 5/8/2019 BLEEDING AND SOFT TISSUE INJURIES

BLEEDING AND SOFT TISSUE INJURIES ROLLER BANDAGE Gauze Secure bandage over the dressing Use overlapping turns to cover the dressing completely Tie or tape the bandage in place-no loose ends Check fingers for feeling warmth and color 5/8/2019 BLEEDING AND SOFT TISSUE INJURIES

CONTROLLING EXTERNAL BLEEDING Control bleeding by placing a clean dressing over wound Apply direct pressure on dressing Elevate the injured area Apply a bandage securely over the dressing Continue to add dressings and bandages if more bleeding Pressure points: Brachial and Femoral Seek medical attention cal EMS Wash your hands immediately after care 5/8/2019 BLEEDING AND SOFT TISSUE INJURIES

BLEEDING AND SOFT TISSUE INJURIES ELASTIC BANDAGE Elastic bandages control swelling and give support for: Sprains and Strains To apply start at point farthest from heart Anchor the bandage Wrap the bandage using overlapping turns Tape the bandage in place 5/8/2019 BLEEDING AND SOFT TISSUE INJURIES

Signs of Internal Bleeding Tender, swollen, bruised, or hard areas of the body, such as the abdomen Rapid, weak pulse Skin that feels cool or moist, looks pale or blue Vomiting or coughing up blood Excessive thirst Acts confused, faint, drowsy, or unconscious 5/8/2019 BLEEDING AND SOFT TISSUE INJURIES

Conditions of Internal Bleeding Wounds that have penetrated the skull Blood or bloody fluids in the ears and or nose Bruises or wounds on the neck, chest, ribs, or abdomen Bleeding from rectal area Fractures of the pelvis 5/8/2019 BLEEDING AND SOFT TISSUE INJURIES

Controlling Internal Bleeding Activate EMS Maintain Airway, Breathing, Circulation Care for shock Loosen restrictive clothing Watch for victims vomit Nothing by Mouth Apply pressure dressings 5/8/2019 BLEEDING AND SOFT TISSUE INJURIES

BLEEDING AND SOFT TISSUE INJURIES DEFINING SHOCK Shock is likely to develop in any serious injury or illness where there is inadequate blood flow due to Heart malfunctioning; severed blood vessels; dilation of vessels It is the body’s reaction to the failure of the circulatory system to provide needed blood Shock is preventable but not reversible The body’s attempt to solve the circulatory problem may worsen the situation 5/8/2019 BLEEDING AND SOFT TISSUE INJURIES

BLEEDING AND SOFT TISSUE INJURIES TYPES OF SHOCK HEMORRHAGIC CARDIOGENIC NEUROGENIC ANAPHYLACTIC PSYCHOGENIC METABOLIC SEPTIC RESPIRATORY HYPOVOLEMIC shock refers to too little fluid in the blood vessels due to loss of whole blood or plasma 5/8/2019 BLEEDING AND SOFT TISSUE INJURIES

BLEEDING AND SOFT TISSUE INJURIES SYMPTOMS OF SHOCK Weakness Nausea Thirst Dizziness The patient indicates restlessness and fear This behavior might be the first indication of shock 5/8/2019 BLEEDING AND SOFT TISSUE INJURIES

BLEEDING AND SOFT TISSUE INJURIES SIGNS OF SHOCK Profuse external bleeding Vomiting or loss of body fluids Disoriented, confused, unresponsive, faint, suddenly unconscious, restless and combative Rapid, shallow breathing Weak and shallow pulse Pale, clammy, cyanotic, skin and lips Pupils are dilated 5/8/2019 BLEEDING AND SOFT TISSUE INJURIES

BLEEDING AND SOFT TISSUE INJURIES DOMINO EFFECT OF SHOCK Patients go into shock gradually Bleeding increases heart rate Body responds by attempting to circulate blood to all vital organs This attempt causes more blood to be lost To try to circulate more blood, body responds by increasing the HR even faster The process of decline will continue until death occurs To circulate more blood 5/8/2019 BLEEDING AND SOFT TISSUE INJURIES

Preventing and Caring For Shock Have victim rest, lie down in comfortable position, elevate head and shoulders Keep airway open Control external bleeding Maintain body temperature Give nothing by mouth Monitor victims vital signs Reassure the victim Minimize pain Activate EMS Elevate legs@ 12” 5/8/2019 BLEEDING AND SOFT TISSUE INJURIES

BLEEDING AND SOFT TISSUE INJURIES SPECIFIC INJURIES Wrap a severed body part in sterile gauze and put in plastic bag on ice. Do not remove an impaled object Bandage around it to support in place To control nosebleed, have victim lean forward and pinch nostrils together If tooth is knocked out place sterile dressing directly in it’s place Injuries to the mouth may cause breathing problems- loose teeth 5/8/2019 BLEEDING AND SOFT TISSUE INJURIES

CHEST AND ABDOMINAL INJURIES A puncture wound that penetrates lung allows air to enter cavity Sucking chest wound This disables the lung from functioning Cover wound with dressing that does not let in air, leave an open corner Wounds that break through the abdomen can cause the organs to protrude Place moist sterile dressing to cover organs Never attempt to push organs back inside 5/8/2019 BLEEDING AND SOFT TISSUE INJURIES

BLEEDING AND SOFT TISSUE INJURIES BURNS First degree burns or superficial burns involve only outer layer of skin Second degree burns or partial thickness burn goes through the dermis Third degree burns or full thickness go past skin to bone Critical burns cover more than 1 body area, head, neck, hands, genitals, feet 5/8/2019 BLEEDING AND SOFT TISSUE INJURIES

BLEEDING AND SOFT TISSUE INJURIES CLASSIFYING BURNS Heat (thermal) fire, steam, hot objects Chemicals- caustics, acids, alkalis Electricity- includes lightening Light- burns to eyes caused by intense light sources and burns by UV’s Radiation- usually from nuclear sources 5/8/2019 BLEEDING AND SOFT TISSUE INJURIES

BLEEDING AND SOFT TISSUE INJURIES SUPERFICIAL BURN A first degree burn involves the top layer of skin The skin is red, dry and usually painful The pain is due to the fact that the nerve endings are still intact There may also be swelling in the burn area 5/8/2019 BLEEDING AND SOFT TISSUE INJURIES

Partial Thickness Burns Second degree burns reach second layer of skin and the dermis is damaged Intense blisters will form Considerable swelling and reddening occurs within 48 hours Skin appears spotted, surrounded by 1st degree burns Severe pain always accompanies burn 5/8/2019 BLEEDING AND SOFT TISSUE INJURIES

BLEEDING AND SOFT TISSUE INJURIES FULL THICKNESS BURN Third degree burns damage all layers of the skin Fat, muscles, nerves, and even bones may be involved Sometimes difficult to distinguish from 2nd degree burn Appear charred black, dry, and white Painfulness depends on the nerve damage 5/8/2019 BLEEDING AND SOFT TISSUE INJURIES

BLEEDING AND SOFT TISSUE INJURIES CARE FOR BURNS Stop the burning process by flushing with water Activate EMS Cover the entire burn with sterile dressing Give special care to the eyes Give special care to the fingers and toes Provide care for shock Keep victim comfortable Maintain body temperature 5/8/2019 BLEEDING AND SOFT TISSUE INJURIES

BLEEDING AND SOFT TISSUE INJURIES BURN CARE “DO NOT’S” Do not apply ice directly to any burn unless it is very minor Do not touch a burn with anything except a clean covering Do not remove pieces of cloth that stick to the burned area Do not try to clean a severe burn Do not break blisters Do not use any kind of ointment on a severe burn 5/8/2019 BLEEDING AND SOFT TISSUE INJURIES

BLEEDING AND SOFT TISSUE INJURIES CHEMICAL BURNS The longer the contact and the stronger the chemical the worse the burn Chemical burns can happen on the job or at home Flood the area for at least 20 minutes with water unless chemical is lime Remove all contaminated clothing Eyes must be flushed from the nose outward and away from the eye socket 5/8/2019 BLEEDING AND SOFT TISSUE INJURIES

BLEEDING AND SOFT TISSUE INJURIES ELECTRICAL BURNS Electricity sources include power lines, defective household equipment, lightening, and unprotected outlets Severity of burn depends on the length of contact with the body Victim is wounded where electricity enters and exists the body, burns are deep Underlying tissues are severely damaged Never attempt a rescue until electricity is disconnected Cover burn with sterile dressing and do not cool Monitor vital signs Keep victim from getting chilled 5/8/2019 BLEEDING AND SOFT TISSUE INJURIES

BLEEDING AND SOFT TISSUE INJURIES RADIATION Sunburns can cause painful burns and blisters Cool them with an antibiotic ointment Cover them to protect from infection Keep victim from getting chilled 5/8/2019 BLEEDING AND SOFT TISSUE INJURIES