A guide for GCSE students KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING CHEMICAL BONDING A guide for GCSE students 2010 SPECIFICATIONS KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING

CHEMICAL BONDING www.knockhardy.org.uk INTRODUCTION This Powerpoint show is one of several produced to help students understand selected GCSE Chemistry topics. It is based on the requirements of the AQA specification but is suitable for other examination boards. Individual students may use the material at home for revision purposes and it can also prove useful for classroom teaching with an interactive white board. Accompanying notes on this, and the full range of AS and A2 Chemistry topics, are available from the KNOCKHARDY WEBSITE at... www.knockhardy.org.uk All diagrams and animations in this Powerpoint are original and created by Jonathan Hopton. Permission must be obtained for their use in any commercial work.

CHEMICAL BONDING OVERVIEW The following slides illustrate how the three main chemical bonds are formed. The physical properties of elements and compounds are influenced by the type of bonding. To understand how structure and bonding affects the physical properties of elements and compounds, view the powerpoint ‘STRUCTURE & BONDING’ available from the KNOCKHARDY SCIENCE GCSE WEBSITE at... www.knockhardy.org.uk/gcse.htm

WHAT IS BONDING? Very few substances consist of single atoms. The NOBLE GASES (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe and Rn) occur as single atoms

WHAT IS BONDING? Very few substances consist of single atoms. The NOBLE GASES (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe and Rn) occur as single atoms All other elements exist as simple molecules (eg O2, N2), giant molecular structures (diamond and graphite) or giant metallic structures.

WHAT IS BONDING? Very few substances consist of single atoms. The NOBLE GASES (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe and Rn) occur as single atoms All other elements exist as simple molecules (eg O2, N2), giant molecular structures (diamond and graphite) or giant metallic structures. COMPOUNDS are ‘substances in which two or more different elements are chemically combined’.

WHAT IS BONDING? COVALENT or METALLIC bonds Very few substances consist of single atoms. The NOBLE GASES (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe and Rn) occur as single atoms All other elements exist as simple molecules (eg O2, N2), giant molecular structures (diamond and graphite) or giant metallic structures. COMPOUNDS are ‘substances in which two or more different elements are chemically combined’. Elements can be combined using… IONIC COVALENT or METALLIC bonds The type of bonding depends on the outer shell electronic configurations of the atoms being bonded.

NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS Group 0 H Li Na K Be Mg B Al C Si N P O S F Cl Ne Ar He Ca NOBLE GASES ARE VERY UNREACTIVE THEIR OUTER ENERGY LEVELS ARE ‘FULL’ 18+ 10+ 2+ HELIUM 2 NEON 2,8 ARGON 2,8,8

NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS Group 0 H Li Na K Be Mg B Al C Si N P O S F Cl Ne Ar He Ca NOBLE GASES ARE VERY UNREACTIVE THEIR OUTER ENERGY LEVELS ARE ‘FULL’ ATOMS WITHOUT A ‘FULL’ OUTER SHELL TRY TO GET ONE THEY CAN DO THIS IN SEVERAL WAYS 18+ 10+ 2+ HELIUM 2 NEON 2,8 ARGON 2,8,8

Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 1

Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 1 ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST OVER THAT OF A NOBLE GAS H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Li 2,1 Na 2,8,1 K 2,8,8,1 Be 2,2 Mg 2,8,2 Ca 2,8,8,2 Al 2,8,3

Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 1 ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST OVER THAT OF A NOBLE GAS ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST SHORT OF A NOBLE GAS H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Li 2,1 Na 2,8,1 K 2,8,8,1 Be 2,2 Mg 2,8,2 Ca 2,8,8,2 Al 2,8,3 O 2,6 S 2,8,6 F 2,7 Cl 2,8,7

Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 1 ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST OVER THAT OF A NOBLE GAS ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST SHORT OF A NOBLE GAS H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca IF THE ATOMS ON THE LEFT TRANSFER THEIR OUTER SHELL ELECTRONS TO THE OUTER SHELL OF THE ATOMS ON THE RIGHT Na 2,8,1 K 2,8,8,1 Mg 2,8,2 Ca 2,8,8,2 Al 2,8,3 O 2,6 S 2,8,6 F 2,7 Cl 2,8,7

Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 1 ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST OVER THAT OF A NOBLE GAS ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST SHORT OF A NOBLE GAS H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca IF THE ATOMS ON THE LEFT TRANSFER THEIR OUTER SHELL ELECTRONS TO THE OUTER SHELL OF THE ATOMS ON THE RIGHT THEY CAN BOTH ACHIEVE A NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION Na 2,8,1 K 2,8,8,1 Mg 2,8,2 Ca 2,8,8,2 Al 2,8,3 O 2,6 S 2,8,6 F 2,7 Cl 2,8,7

Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 1 ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST OVER THAT OF A NOBLE GAS ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST SHORT OF A NOBLE GAS H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca IF THE ATOMS ON THE LEFT TRANSFER THEIR OUTER SHELL ELECTRONS TO THE OUTER SHELL OF THE ATOMS ON THE RIGHT THEY CAN BOTH ACHIEVE A NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION CHARGED SPECIES CALLED IONS ARE FORMED

Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 1 ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST OVER THAT OF A NOBLE GAS ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST SHORT OF A NOBLE GAS H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca IF THE ATOMS ON THE LEFT TRANSFER THEIR OUTER SHELL ELECTRONS TO THE OUTER SHELL OF THE ATOMS ON THE RIGHT THEY CAN BOTH ACHIEVE A NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION CHARGED SPECIES CALLED IONS ARE FORMED THOSE ON THE LEFT NOW HAVE FEWER ELECTRONS POSITIVE IONS (CATIONS)

Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 1 ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST OVER THAT OF A NOBLE GAS ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST SHORT OF A NOBLE GAS H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca IF THE ATOMS ON THE LEFT TRANSFER THEIR OUTER SHELL ELECTRONS TO THE OUTER SHELL OF THE ATOMS ON THE RIGHT THEY CAN BOTH ACHIEVE A NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION CHARGED SPECIES CALLED IONS ARE FORMED THOSE ON THE LEFT NOW HAVE FEWER ELECTRONS POSITIVE IONS THOSE ON THE RIGHT NOW HAVE MORE ELECTRONS NEGATIVE IONS (ANIONS)

Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 1 ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST OVER THAT OF A NOBLE GAS ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST SHORT OF A NOBLE GAS H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca IF THE ATOMS ON THE LEFT TRANSFER THEIR OUTER SHELL ELECTRONS TO THE OUTER SHELL OF THE ATOMS ON THE RIGHT THEY CAN BOTH ACHIEVE A NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION CHARGED SPECIES CALLED IONS ARE FORMED THOSE ON THE LEFT NOW HAVE FEWER ELECTRONS POSITIVE IONS THOSE ON THE RIGHT NOW HAVE MORE ELECTRONS NEGATIVE IONS THE IONS ATTRACT EACH OTHER TO FORM AN IONIC BOND

IONIC BONDING

PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION SODIUM CHLORIDE Na Cl SODIUM ATOM 2,8,1 CHLORINE ATOM 2,8,7 PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION

SODIUM CHLORIDE Na Cl + SODIUM ION CHLORIDE ION 2,8 2,8,8 both species now have ‘full’ outer shells; ie they have the electronic configuration of a noble gas

SODIUM CHLORIDE Na Cl + SODIUM ION CHLORIDE ION 2,8 2,8,8 Na Na+ + e¯ 2,8,1 2,8 ELECTRON TRANSFERRED Cl + e¯ Cl¯ 2,8,7 2,8,8

PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION CALCIUM CHLORIDE Cl Ca CHLORINE ATOMS 2,8,7 Cl CALCIUM ATOM 2,8,8,2 PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION

PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION CALCIUM CHLORIDE Cl 2+ Ca CHLORIDE IONS 2,8,8 Cl CALCIUM ION 2,8,8 PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION

CALCIUM CHLORIDE Cl Ca Cl CALCIUM ION 2,8,8 CHLORIDE IONS 2,8,8 2+ Ca CHLORIDE IONS 2,8,8 Ca Ca2+ + 2e¯ 2,8,8,2 2,8,8 2 ELECTRONS TRANSFERRED 2Cl + 2e¯ 2Cl¯ 2,8,7 2,8 Cl

PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION MAGNESIUM OXIDE O Mg MAGNESIUM ATOM 2,8,2 OXYGEN ATOM 2,6 PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION

PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION MAGNESIUM OXIDE O2- Mg2+ MAGNESIUM ION 2,8 OXIDE ION 2,8 PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION

MAGNESIUM OXIDE O2- MAGNESIUM ION 2,8 OXIDE ION 2,8 Mg Mg2+ + 2e¯ 2,8,2 2,8 2 ELECTRONS TRANSFERRED O + 2e¯ O2- 2,6 2,8

Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 2

Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 2 H He ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS SHORT OF A NOBLE GAS Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca

Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 2 TYPICAL COMBINATIONS Elements H2 O2 N2 Cl2 Compounds H2O NH3 CH4 H He ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS SHORT OF A NOBLE GAS Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca

Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 2 TYPICAL COMBINATIONS Elements H2 O2 N2 Cl2 Compounds H2O NH3 CH4 H He ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS SHORT OF A NOBLE GAS Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca IF BOTH ELEMENTS COMBINING TOGETHER NEED TO GAIN ELECTRONS TO ACHIEVE A NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION THEY MUST…

Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 2 TYPICAL COMBINATIONS Elements H2 O2 N2 Cl2 Compounds H2O NH3 CH4 H He ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS SHORT OF A NOBLE GAS Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca IF BOTH ELEMENTS COMBINING TOGETHER NEED TO GAIN ELECTRONS TO ACHIEVE A NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION THEY MUST SHARE PAIRS OF ELECTRONS

Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 2 TYPICAL COMBINATIONS Elements H2 O2 N2 Cl2 Compounds H2O NH3 CH4 H He ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS SHORT OF A NOBLE GAS Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca IF BOTH ELEMENTS COMBINING TOGETHER NEED TO GAIN ELECTRONS TO ACHIEVE A NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION THEY MUST SHARE PAIRS OF ELECTRONS A SHARED PAIR OF ELECTRONS IS KNOWN AS A COVALENT BOND

COVALENT BONDING

Nucleus (positively charged) shared pair of electrons COVALENT BONDING A covalent bond consists of… a shared pair of electrons with one electron being supplied by each atom either side of the bond. The atoms are held together because both their nuclei (which have an overall positive charge) are attracted to the same shared pair of negatively charged electrons. COVALENT BONDS ARE STRONG. Nucleus (positively charged) + + shared pair of electrons

HYDROGEN H H H H both atoms need one electron to complete their outer shell atoms share a pair of electrons to form a single covalent bond H H H H H2

HYDROGEN H H H H both atoms need one electron to complete their outer shell atoms share a pair of electrons to form a single covalent bond H H H H H2 Covalent bonds are represented by a line

HYDROGEN H H Hydrogen atom needs one electron to complete its outer shell atoms share a pair of electrons to form a single covalent bond A hydrogen MOLECULE is formed Another hydrogen atom also needs one electron to complete its outer shell WAYS TO REPRESENT THE MOLECULE H H H H PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION

Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl2 Cl Cl Cl Cl CHLORINE both atoms need one electron to complete their outer shell atoms share a pair of electrons to form a single covalent bond A CHLORINE MOLECULE IS FORMED Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl2

Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl CHLORINE Chlorine atom needs one electron to complete its outer shell atoms share a pair of electrons to form a single covalent bond Another chlorine atom also needs one electron to complete its outer shell WAYS TO REPRESENT THE MOLECULE Cl Cl Cl Cl PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION

H Cl H Cl HCl Cl Cl H H HYDROGEN CHLORIDE atom needs one electron to complete its outer shell atom also needs one electron to complete its outer shell atoms share a pair of electrons to form a single covalent bond A HYDROGEN CHLORIDE MOLECULE IS FORMED H Cl H Cl HCl

H Cl H Cl Cl H HYDROGEN CHLORIDE atoms share a pair of electrons to form a single covalent bond Chlorine atom needs one electron to complete its outer shell Hydrogen atom also needs one electron to complete its outer shell WAYS TO REPRESENT THE MOLECULE H Cl H Cl PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION

C C H H H C H CH4 H C H H METHANE H H H H H H H H atom needs four electrons to complete its outer shell each atom needs one electron to complete its outer shell Carbon shares all 4 of its electrons to form 4 single covalent bonds H H C H H H C H CH4 H

H C H C H METHANE H H H H WAYS TO REPRESENT THE MOLECULE Each hydrogen atom needs 1 electron to complete its outer shell H C H H H C H H Carbon shares all 4 of its electrons to form 4 single covalent bonds A carbon atom needs 4 electrons to complete its outer shell PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION

N N H N H H N H NH3 H H AMMONIA H H H H H H atom needs three electrons to complete its outer shell each atom needs one electron to complete its outer shell Nitrogen can only share 3 of its 5 electrons otherwise it will exceed the maximum of 8 A LONE PAIR REMAINS H N H H H N H H NH3

N H N H H N H H AMMONIA H H H WAYS TO REPRESENT THE MOLECULE Each hydrogen atom needs one electron to complete its outer shell H N H H H N H H H Nitrogen atom needs 3 electrons to complete its outer shell Nitrogen can only share 3 of its 5 electrons otherwise it will exceed the maximum of 8 A LONE PAIR REMAINS PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION

WATER H O H O H H atom needs two electrons to complete its outer shell each atom needs one electron to complete its outer shell Oxygen can only share 2 of its 6 electrons otherwise it will exceed the maximum of 8 TWO LONE PAIRS REMAIN H O H H O H H2O

O H O H O H WATER H H WAYS TO REPRESENT THE MOLECULE Each hydrogen atom needs one electron to complete its outer shell O H O H H O H Oxygen atom needs 2 electrons to complete its outer shell Oxygen can only share 2 of its 6 electrons otherwise it will exceed the maximum of 8 2 LONE PAIRS REMAIN PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION

OXYGEN O O O O each oxygen atom needs two electrons to complete its outer shell each oxygen shares 2 of its electrons to form a DOUBLE COVALENT BOND O O O2 Double covalent bonds are represented by TWO lines

Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 3

Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 3 ELEMENTS IN GROUPS I, II III and THE CENTRAL SECTION* ARE METALS H Li Na K Be Mg B Al C Si N P O S F Cl Ne Ar He Ca

Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 3 ELEMENTS IN GROUPS I, II III and THE CENTRAL SECTION* ARE METALS H Li Na K Be Mg B Al C Si N P O S F Cl Ne Ar He Ca The central section of the periodic table contains the transition metals TRANSITION METALS

Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 3 ELEMENTS IN GROUPS I, II III and THE CENTRAL SECTION ARE METALS H Li Na K Be Mg B Al C Si N P O S F Cl Ne Ar He Ca ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST OVER THAT OF A NOBLE GAS

Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 3 ELEMENTS IN GROUPS I, II III and THE CENTRAL SECTION ARE METALS H Li Na K Be Mg B Al C Si N P O S F Cl Ne Ar He Ca ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST OVER THAT OF A NOBLE GAS ELEMENTS ON THE LEFT OF THE PERIODIC TABLE NEED TO ‘GET RID OF’ ELECTRONS TO ACHIEVE A NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION

Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 3 ELEMENTS IN GROUPS I, II III and THE CENTRAL SECTION ARE METALS H Li Na K Be Mg B Al C Si N P O S F Cl Ne Ar He Ca ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST OVER THAT OF A NOBLE GAS ELEMENTS ON THE LEFT OF THE PERIODIC TABLE NEED TO ‘GET RID OF’ ELECTRONS TO ACHIEVE A NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION ELECTRONS LEAVE TO FORM A MOBILE ‘CLOUD’ OF ELECTRONS

Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 3 ELEMENTS IN GROUPS I, II III and THE CENTRAL SECTION ARE METALS H Li Na K Be Mg B Al C Si N P O S F Cl Ne Ar He Ca ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST OVER THAT OF A NOBLE GAS ELEMENTS ON THE LEFT OF THE PERIODIC TABLE NEED TO ‘GET RID OF’ ELECTRONS TO ACHIEVE A NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION ELECTRONS LEAVE TO FORM A MOBILE ‘CLOUD’ OF ELECTRONS THIS IS KNOWN AS... METALLIC BONDING

METALLIC BONDING

METALLIC BONDING METALS CONSIST OF GIANT STRUCTURES METAL ATOMS NEED TO GET RID OF ELECTRONS TO GET TO THE NEAREST NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION THE ELECTRONS RELEASED HOLD THE PARTICLES TOGETHER

Atoms arrange themselves METALLIC BONDING METALS CONSIST OF GIANT STRUCTURES METAL ATOMS NEED TO GET RID OF ELECTRONS TO GET TO THE NEAREST NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION THE ELECTRONS RELEASED HOLD THE PARTICLES TOGETHER Atoms arrange themselves in a regular lattice

Atoms arrange themselves METALLIC BONDING METALS CONSIST OF GIANT STRUCTURES METAL ATOMS NEED TO GET RID OF ELECTRONS TO GET TO THE NEAREST NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION THE ELECTRONS RELEASED HOLD THE PARTICLES TOGETHER Atoms arrange themselves in a regular lattice The outer shell electrons of each atom leave to join a mobile ‘cloud’ or ‘sea’ of electrons which can roam throughout the metal. The electron cloud holds positive ions together.

METALLIC BONDING Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na METALS CONSIST OF GIANT STRUCTURES METAL ATOMS NEED TO GET RID OF ELECTRONS TO GET TO THE NEAREST NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION THE ELECTRONS RELEASED HOLD THE PARTICLES TOGETHER Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na SODIUM ATOMS WITH ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION 2,8,1

THE OUTER SHELL ELECTRONS ARE RELEASED METALLIC BONDING METALS CONSIST OF GIANT STRUCTURES METAL ATOMS NEED TO GET RID OF ELECTRONS TO GET TO THE NEAREST NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION THE ELECTRONS RELEASED HOLD THE PARTICLES TOGETHER Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na SODIUM ATOMS WITH ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION 2,8,1 THE OUTER SHELL ELECTRONS ARE RELEASED

THE OUTER SHELL ELECTRONS ARE RELEASED METALLIC BONDING METALS CONSIST OF GIANT STRUCTURES METAL ATOMS NEED TO GET RID OF ELECTRONS TO GET TO THE NEAREST NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION THE ELECTRONS RELEASED HOLD THE PARTICLES TOGETHER Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na SODIUM ATOMS WITH ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION 2,8,1 THE OUTER SHELL ELECTRONS ARE RELEASED POSITIVE SODIUM IONS WITH ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION 2,8

METALLIC BONDING Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na METALS CONSIST OF GIANT STRUCTURES METAL ATOMS NEED TO GET RID OF ELECTRONS TO GET TO THE NEAREST NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION THE ELECTRONS RELEASED HOLD THE PARTICLES TOGETHER Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na SODIUM ATOMS WITH ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION 2,8,1 THE OUTER SHELL ELECTRONS ARE RELEASED POSITIVE SODIUM IONS WITH ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION 2,8 THE ELECTRON CLOUD CONTAINS THE RELEASED OUTER SHELL ELECTRONS

TO LEARN HOW THE TYPE OF BONDING AFFECTS THE STRUCTURE AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS, VIEW THE ASSOCIATED POWERPOINT PRESENTATION… STRUCTURE & BONDING WHICH CAN BE DOWNLOADED FROM THE KNOCKHARDY GCSE WEBSITE AT… www.knockhardy.org/gcse.htm

© 2011 JONATHAN HOPTON & KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING CHEMICAL BONDING THE END © 2011 JONATHAN HOPTON & KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING