The ordeal of Reconstruction Chapter 22 American Pageant 13th ed. The ordeal of Reconstruction

Reconstruction, 1865-1877 How to(s)? bring the South back in to the Union rebuild the South protect and integrate emancipated African-Americans

Lincoln’s plan…1863 Southern states had never left Union 10% Plan 10% of voters from 1860 election had to take loyalty oath to Union Establish new state governments Recognize & accept emancipation Pardons most Confederates, except high ranking Congress said no! Too easy on the Confederates… next plan, please

Wade-Davis Bill…1864 Congress likey…  Claimed states gave up their rights upon secession & would be admitted as conquered provinces Wade-Davis Bill – Republican driven 50% of voters take loyalty oath Recognize & accept emancipation Required state constitutional convention Lincoln “pocket-vetoed” - split of Republicans

Lincoln’s Assassination April 14, 1865… Andrew Johnson becomes President No formal education A Tennessee Democrat Disliked planter aristocracy A white supremacist

Johnson’s Plan…1865 10% + Agreed with Lincoln about readmission of Confederate states Loyalty oath for 10% (or more) people except Confederate military officers and those whose personal holdings were over $20,000 Planter aristocracy & others can ask for pardons State constitutions must repeal articles of secession & ratify the 13th amendment

More about President johnson Sanctioned Black Codes Guaranteed stable labor supply now that blacks were emancipated Made freedmen tenant farmers w/ low wages Contracted to land No right to vote or serve on a jury Did not help race relations Kept races separate & blacks socially & economically suppressed

Johnson & Congress Freedmen’s Bureau (1865) Provided food, clothing, medical care,& education to refugees (carpetbaggers) Johnson vetoed it Congress passed Civil Rights Bill 1866 (14th Amendment, silly Black Codes) Congress overrode both (1st time in US History)

14th Amendment Ratified 1868 A constitutional guarantee of the rights and security of freed people Insure against neo-Confederate political power Enshrine the national debt while repudiating that of the Confederacy

Radical Republicans’ Plan Republicans concerned the “South will rise again” Required new state constitutions, including black suffrage and ratification of the 13th and 14th Amendments Passed an act that authorized the military to enroll eligible black voters and begin the process of constitution making

Reconstruction acts of 1867 Military Reconstruction Act Restart Reconstruction in the 10 Southern states that refused to ratify the 14th Amendment. Divide the 10 “unreconstructed states” into 5 military districts each led by a Union General & Federal troops

Reconstruction acts of 1867 Command of the Army Act The President must issue all Reconstruction orders through the commander of the military. Tenure of Office Act The President could not remove any officials [esp. Cabinet members] without the Senate’s consent, if the position originally required Senate approval. Watch out for this one… Edwin Stanton

Reconstruction … Each state had to ratify 14th amendment Constitutionally give adult black men suffrage Whole idea was to give voting support to the North No provisions for education or social promotion for blacks 15th amendment eventually passed giving citizens the right to vote (ratification 1870) No women's’ vote though Troops stayed in Southern states until 1877 Blacks exercised new freedoms; Ku Klux Klan emerged

President Johnson’s impeachment Johnson removed Sec. of State Edwin Stanton in February 1868; violated Tenure of Office Act Johnson replaced generals in the field who were more sympathetic to Radical Reconstruction The House voted to impeach him for “high crimes & misdemeanors” before even drawing up the charges by a vote of 126 – 47!

President Johnson’s impeachment 11 week trial in Senate Senate voted not to impeach Johnson 35 to 19 (one vote short of required 2/3 majority) If impeachment had occurred… No V.P. so Ben Wade would be President Destabilized a nation

Another thing happened on the way to Reconstruction … Secretary of State William Seward purchased Alaska from Russia for $7.2million What a bargain! Strategic area, furs, gold, oil and Sarah Palin!

Johnson, A. [Image]. (2008). Retrieved on December 20, 2008 from http://www.americaslibrary.gov/assets/jb/nation/jb_nation_johnson_1_e.jpg Lincoln, A. [Image].(2008). Retrieved on December 20, 2008 from http://www.americaslibrary.gov/assets/jb/civil/jb_civil_lincoln2_1_e.jpg Pojer, S. (2008). Retrieved on December 20, 2008 from http://www.pptpalooza.net/