North and South Take Different Paths

urbanization- the growth of cities due to movement of people from rural areas to cities urban problems- filthy streets, absence of good sewage systems, lack of clean drinking water, spread of diseases, citywide fires

telegraph- a device that used electrical signals to send messages quickly over long distances Samuel F.B. Morse-invented a system of codes that used shorter and longer bursts of electricity

Morse Code-each letter of the alphabet is represented by its own mix of short signals (dots) and long signals (dashes)

mechanical reaper- invented by Cyrus McCormick it cut stalks of wheat many times faster than a human worker, enabled farmers to cultivate more land and harvest their crops with fewer workers

sewing machine- made it much more efficient to produce clothing in quantity, clothing became less expensive

advantages to improvements in transportation- travel was faster and easier, factories could ship goods to distant markets Robert Fulton- invented the steam engine to power a boat

Clipper ship-world’s fastest ships for ocean travel Railroads- could be built anywhere, by 1840 there was 3,000 miles of railway tracks in the US

immigrants- millions came from Europe famine-widespread starvation

Irish immigrants- more than a million people starved to death, a million more left, men worked construction, women worked in homes German immigrants- left because of harsh rulers

Nativists- people who wanted to preserve the country for white, American born protestants Know-Nothings- secret group in New York who were against immigration, became a political party

discrimination- the denial of equal rights or equal treatment to certain groups of people rights denied to African Americans- no voting, not allowed to work in factories or in skilled trades

racial segregation- African Americans had to attend different schools and churches Freedom’s Journal-first newspaper owned and run by African Americans