Agenda diēs Iovis, Id. Sept. A.D. MMXVIII HW Check: notes on PPLs/abl. abs./uses of dat. Worksheet 3: Participles, Abl. Abs., Dat. Uses (Complementary, Subjective, Objective Infinitives) (Review of Syntax 4: Uses of the Ablative Case 1) Pensum: Take notes on infinitives & indirect statement from blog; consult grammar packet too (pp. 21-23) Study Vocab. List 1 Latin Prose Mr. Finnigan Boston Latin School

Worksheet #3 Divide into groups of 5 or 6 (you may move desks) Each group will prepare TWO sentences [10 mintutes] identify case/uses, esp. of dative identify participles translate the sentence Each group will present sentences to the class [15-20 minutes] classmates and I may ask questions don’t be afraid to think out loud–what’s your process for identifying and translating?

Infinitives: Forms & Translations

Infinitives: Basics infinitives are abstract verbal nouns that are translated using “to ____” in English verbal qualities: tense & voice present active & passive perfect active & passive future active (& passive) noun qualities: gender, number, and sometimes case gender: neuter number: singular case: nom. or acc.

Present Infinitives Present Active Infinitive: Form: same as 2nd PP (ending in –re) Translation: to _______ Present Passive Infinitive: Form: For conj. 1, 2, & 4, replace –e on act. infin. w/ –ī laudāre  laudārī / tenēre  tenērī / audīre  audīrī For conj. 3 (incl. 3 –io), replace –ere on act. infin. w/ –ī ducere  ducī / capere  capī Translation: to be ______ed

Perfect Infinitives Perfect Active Infinitive: Form: perf. stem + –isse laudāre  laudāvisse capere  cēpisse Translation: to have _______ed Perfect Passive Infinitive: Form: 4th PP + esse [form of PPP must agree w/ subj. of MV] laudāre  laudātus, -a, -um esse capere  captus, -a, -um esse Translation: to have been ______ed

Future Infinitives Future Active Infinitive: Form: drop –us from 4th PP & add –ūrus, -a, -um + esse [participle form must agree w/ subj. of MV] laudāre  laudātūrus, -a, -um esse capere  captus, -a, -um esse Translation: to be about to _______ Future Passive Infinitive: Form: neut. sg. nom. form of PPP/4th PP (–um) + īrī laudāre  laudātum īrī capere  captum īrī Translation: to be about to be ______ed **This is VERY rare, but you should know it exists and how to form and translate it

Infinitives Practice – Form & Translate Form all infinitives & provide translations for the following verbs: ponō, ponere, posuī, positus: to put, place terreō, terrēre, terruī, territus: to frighten pugnō, pugnāre, pugnāvī, pugnātus: to fight cupiō, cupere, cupīvī, cupītus: to desire impediō, impedīre, impedīvī, impedītus: to hinder

Infinitives Practice – Form & Translate Active Passive Present Perfect Future

ponō, ponere, posuī, positus Active Passive Present ponere -- to place ponī to be placed Perfect posuisse to have placed positus, -a, -um esse to have been placed Future positūrus, -a, -um esse to be about to place positum īrī to be about to be placed

terreō, terrēre, terruī, territus Active Passive Present terrēre -- to frighten terrērī to be frightened Perfect terruisse to have frightened territus, -a, -um esse to have been frightened Future territūrus, -a, -um esse to be about to frighten territum īrī to be about to be frightened

pugnō, pugnāre, pugnāvī, pugnātus Active Passive Present pugnāre -- to fight pugnārī to be fought Perfect pugnāvisse to have fought pugnātus, -a, -um esse to have been fought Future pugnātūrus, -a, -um esse to be about to fight pugnātum īrī to be about to be fought

cupiō, cupere, cupīvī, cupītus Active Passive Present cupere -- to desire cupī to be desired Perfect cupīvisse to have desired cupītus, -a, -um esse to have been desired Future cupītūrus, -a, -um esse to be about to desire cupītum īrī to be about to be desired

impediō, impedīre, impedīvī, impedītus Active Passive Present impedīre -- to hinder impedīrī to be hindered Perfect impedīvisse to have hindered impedītus, -a, -um esse to have been hindered Future impeditūrus, -a, -um esse to be about to hinder impedītum īrī to be about to be hindered

Infinitives: Types/Uses

Infinitives: Types/Uses There are FIVE different “types” or “uses” of the infinitive: complementary subjective objective indirect statement historical

Complementary Infinitives some verbs cannot or do not stand alone and make sense these require an infinitive to fill out their meaning these infinitives are called complementary infinitives (<compleō, complēre, complēvī, complētus: to fill out)

Complementary Infinitives some verbs that take complementary infins.: possum, posse, potuī, –––: to be able, can dēbeō, dēbēre, dēbuī, dēbitus: to ought (not when it means “to owe”) constituō, constituere, constituī, constitutus: to decide (not when it means “to establish” or “to set up”) videor, vidērī, vīsus sum: to seem consuescō, consuescere, consuēvī, consuētus: to become accustomed see vocab. list 1 & grammar packet p. 21 for fuller list

Complementary Infinitives e.g.: Cōnsul legēs bōnās facere constituit. The consul decided to make good laws. Puella intrāre domum antīquum dubitat. The girl hesitates to enter the ancient house. Pecūnia servīs ab agricolā darī dēbet. Money ought to be given to the slaves by the farmer.

Subjective Infinitives infinitives can also be the subject of a sentence these are called subjective infinitives subjective infinitives commonly accompany: Impersonal forms of sum [= 3rd person forms of sum, esse (especially est)] impersonal verbs these are verbs that have no ‘person’ as the subject they appear only in the 3rd SG, with the subject “it”

Subjective Infinitives – Examples Errāre est hūmānum. To err is human. Licetne mihi īre ad latrīnam? Is it permitted for me to go to the bathroom? Forsan et haec olim meminisse iuvābit. Perhaps one day it will be pleasing to remember even these things.

Common Impersonal Verbs impersonal verbs take objects in either the dative or accusative; you must memorize which take which: decet (+ acc.): it is proper, it suits iuvat (+ acc.), libet (+ dat.), placet (+ dat.): it is pleasing licet (+ dat.): it is permitted/allowed necesse est (+ dat.): it is necessary oportet (+ acc.): it is necessary, it ought/must opus est (+ dat.): there is (a) need see vocab. list 1 for verbs & grammar packet p. 22 for examples

Objective Infinitives infinitives can also be the direct object of a verb in a sentence these are called objective infinitives an obj. infin. will usually have a subject accusative: Mīlitēs coēgērunt agricolam vīllam relinquere. The soldiers compelled the farmer to leave the farmhouse. the infin. + subj. acc. is called an infinitive phrase think of these like the M.V. having 2 objects (one noun/pronoun and one infinitive)

Objective Infinitives the following verbs commonly take an objective infinitive, sometimes with a subject accusative: cōgō, cogere, coēgī, coāctus: to compel iubeō, iubēre, iussī, iussus: to order (must take a subj. acc.) prohibeō, prohibēre, prohibuī, prohibitus: to prevent sinō, sinere, sīvī, situs: to allow vetō, vetāre, vetuī, vetitus: to forbid see vocab. list 1 & grammar packet p. 22 for fuller list and further examples/explanation; examples on next slide too

Objective Infinitives – Examples Caesar mīlitēs oppugnāre castra iusserat. Caesar had ordered the soldiers to attack the camp. Cōnsul senātōrēs facere legēs bonās coēgit. The consul compelled the senators to make good laws. Amō ambulāre et currere. I love to walk and (to) run. Tē natāre docēbō. I shall teach you to swim.

for head verbs, see vocab. list 1 & grammar packet p. 23 Indirect Statement grammar packet pp. 22-23 pay particular attention to the function of tenses of infinitives in I.S. for head verbs, see vocab. list 1 & grammar packet p. 23

Indirect Statement in Latin & English, statements can be reported directly and indirectly: Direct Statements: You did your homework. Mr. Finnigan said, “You did your homework.” Indirect Statements: Mr. Finnigan said that you did your homework. She said that Mr. Finnigan said that he did his homework.

Introducing the Ind. Statement ind. statements are introduced by a HEAD VERB – a verb of saying, knowing, thinking, perceiving, etc. called a head verb because… it’s an action done with some part of your head it’s at the head of the sentence after the HV, we supply the word “THAT” in English to intro. the I.S. Latin has no separate word for this “that;” it must be understood and supplied. snap your fingers after a HV to stand in for “that”

Ind. Statement Proper ind. statements have their subjects in the accusative case – this is the SUBJECT ACCUSATIVE the verb in the ind. statement is an INFINITIVE this MUST be translated like an indicative verb there can be more than one infinitive in an I.S. for future active and perfect passive infinitives (i.e. futūrum esse; ductum esse), the form “esse” is often left out and must be understood.

Indirect Statement – Recap HEAD VERB Verb of knowing, thinking, perceiving, saying, etc. “THAT” introductory word after the HV; no separate word in Lat. – snap! SUBJ. ACC. subject of I.S. is in the accusative case INFINITIVE verb in I.S. is an infin. – translate as indicative!

Ind. Statement – Exempla Dīcit Caesarem esse fortem. He says that Caesar is brave. Putō puellās* librōs lēgisse. I think that the girls have read the books. *the first acc. in the I.S. is generally the subj. acc., unless it doesn’t make sense Vīdit nāvēs vēnisse. He saw that the ships had come.

Infinitives in Indirect Statement the tense of an infinitive in I.S. does not denote time absolutely – it denotes time relative to the main verb present infinitives – denote action happening at the same time as (contemporaneously with) the main verb perfect infinitives – denote action happening before the main verb future infinitives – denote action happening after the main verb

Infinitives in Indirect Statement – Exempla Sciō eum hoc vidēre. – I know that he sees/is seeing this. Sciō eum hoc vīdisse. – I know that he has seen this. Sciō eum hoc vīsūrum esse. – I know that he will see this. BUT Scīvī eum hoc vidēre. – I knew that he was seeing this. Scīvī eum hoc vīdisse. – I knew that he had seen this. Scīvī eum hoc vīsūrum esse. – I knew that he would see this.