New discoveries and developments in the Gibraltar record. Dennis Wheeler University of Sunderland, UK

Instrumental observations began in 1790 under the auspices of the Royal Engineers and have continued to the present day, but with changes of site, exposure and instrumentation Gibraltar 36º 8`N 5° 26`W

The Gibraltar Chronicle (published daily data from July 1821 to December 1936)

Approximated temperature series for Gibraltar (1821 to present with ten year Gaussian filter)

Extending the record back beyond 1820: newly-discovered diaries. Kept by the staff of successive Lieutenant Governers and cover the following periods.

May 1777 – March 1778 t, w & w March 1778 – Nov 1778 t, w & w Dec 1778 – June 1780 t, w & w April 1781 – Dec 1782 w & w Jan 1782 – June 1786 w & w July 1786 – Dec 1788 w & w May 1787 – Dec 1788 w & w Jan 1791 – March 1793 w & w Nov 1792 – Dec 1794 w & w May 1794 – May 1795 w & w Sept 1806 – March 1808 t, w & w April 1808 – April 1809 t, w & w May 1809 – Sept 1810 t, w & w t = temperatures (deg.F), w & w = wind direction, force and weather (rain, thunder etc.)

Extending the record back beyond 1820: Royal Navy logbooks Logbook of HMS Portsmouth from 1694 (when sailing south off the coast of Alicante)  (Monday) These 24: hours had fair Weather and Wind unsettled with Lightning in the night in the Eastern Board….