The Science of Biology Chapter 1 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies Permission Required for reproduction or display Raven - Johnson - Biology: 6th Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies

Five Basic Characteristics of living things Organization What is Life? Five Basic Characteristics of living things Organization Atoms, molecules Cells Tissues, organs Populations, community Ecosystem, biosphere Raven - Johnson - Biology: 6th Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies

Five Basic Characteristics (continued) Energy What is Life? Five Basic Characteristics (continued) Energy Photosynthesis, respiration Sense and Respond Homeostasis DNA Growth Development Reproduction Raven - Johnson - Biology: 6th Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies

General principles used to predict specific results. The Nature of Science Deductive Reasoning General principles used to predict specific results. Inductive Reasoning Arriving at a conclusion based on observations. Raven - Johnson - Biology: 6th Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies

Possible answer to the question, testable How Science is Done Observation Question (s) Hypothesis Possible answer to the question, testable Experiment - Test of hypothesis. Try to eliminate one or more competing hypotheses. Establish controls by holding all variables but one constant. Raven - Johnson - Biology: 6th Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies

Accept or reject hypotheses Report How Science is Done Record Results Data and observations Conclusions Accept or reject hypotheses Report Raven - Johnson - Biology: 6th Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies

Raven - Johnson - Biology: 6th Ed Raven - Johnson - Biology: 6th Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies

Untested or limited testing done Theory Hypothesis vs. Theory Hypothesis Possible answer Untested or limited testing done Theory Hypothesis that has been tested A lot of evidence to support Widely accepted Raven - Johnson - Biology: 6th Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies

Darwin’s Theory of Evolution In Darwin’s time, most people believed species were immutable over time (no change since beginning) Darwin argued species change due to the operation of natural laws that produced change over time (evolution). Served as naturalist on exploratory expedition around coast of South America. Raven - Johnson - Biology: 6th Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies

H.M.S. Beagle Voyage Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies Permission Required for reproduction or display Raven - Johnson - Biology: 6th Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies

Inventing the Theory of Natural Selection Darwin studied the work of other scientists: Charles Lyell’s Principles of Geology talked about the age of the earth being billions of years Most people believed earth to be only thousands of years old Raven - Johnson - Biology: 6th Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies

Inventing the Theory of Natural Selection Thomas Malthus’s Essay on the Principle of Population (1798) Populations grow geometrically but resources grow arithmetically. Even though every organism has the potential to produce more offspring than can survive, population sizes remain relatively constant over time. Raven - Johnson - Biology: 6th Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies

Darwin’s Evidence Darwin observed characteristics of similar species varied from place to place. Geographical patterns suggested lineages gradually change as species migrate. Struck that animals and plants on relatively young islands closely resembled those on nearby South American coast. Raven - Johnson - Biology: 6th Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies

Inventing the Theory of Natural Selection Darwin made the association that individuals that possess certain characteristics are more likely to survive than those that do not possess those characteristics. Favorable characteristics are passed on to offspring. Over time, frequency of the favorable characteristics increases in the population. Raven - Johnson - Biology: 6th Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies

Inventing the Theory of Natural Selection Darwin knew animal breeders selected certain varieties to produce certain characteristics (artificial selection). Noted character differences appeared to be greater than those in wild populations. Suggested evolutionary changes could occur in natural populations as well. Natural Selection Raven - Johnson - Biology: 6th Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies

Inventing the Theory of Natural Selection Darwin’s Timeline Original draft of The Origin of Species finished in 1842. Shelved for 16 years. Alfred Wallace sent manuscript with similar ideas to Darwin in 1858. The Origin of Species released in November 1859. Raven - Johnson - Biology: 6th Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies

Evolution After Darwin: More Evidence Fossil Record Fossils dating back 3.5 billion years add multiple lines of evidence. Age of the Earth Earth formed 4.5 bya. Mechanisms of Heredity Field of genetics accounts for new variations. Raven - Johnson - Biology: 6th Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies

Evolution After Darwin: More Evidence Comparative Anatomy Homologous Structures - Have same evolutionary origin, but now differ in structure and function. Analogous Structures - Have similar structure and function, but different evolutionary origins. Raven - Johnson - Biology: 6th Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies

Evolution After Darwin: More Evidence Molecular Biology Biochemical tools DNA analysis Development Patterns Similarities have been noted in the development stages of many different organisms. Raven - Johnson - Biology: 6th Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies

Darwin’s Theory of Evolution Evidence Theory of Natural Selection Review Properties of Life The Nature of Science Scientific Method Darwin’s Theory of Evolution Evidence Theory of Natural Selection Evolution After Darwin Raven - Johnson - Biology: 6th Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies Permission required for reproduction or display Raven - Johnson - Biology: 6th Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies