INDIA’S TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMEN T PRESENTED BY: ASHISHEK CHANDEL AND RAHUL SHARMA PRESENTED BY: ASHISHEK CHANDEL AND RAHUL SHARMA

What is Technology? Technology (which is basically derived from the Greek word ‘technologia’) is an art, skill or ability, which is used to create and develop products and acquire knowledge. Scientists used their knowledge to develop technology and then used technology to develop Science; so, because of this reason science and technology are an integrated term in today’s world.

ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY IN TODAY’S LIFE In today’s world, the role of technology is indispensable. We need Technology in every sphere of our life like to treat a diseases or even to book a cab or train/flight ticket. In fact, without technology, we cannot imagine our life. One of the most important aspects of Technology is that it has solution to the difficult of the difficult problems, the problems which have the potential to become major bottlenecks to the overall growth of the country. Some of these problems could be − Health aspects Standard of education Availability of healthy food and safe drinking water Infrastructure

INDIA: DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY For the organized growth and development of Science and Technology in India, different specialized research and development agencies and organization are being set up. Every organization specializes in a particular field to develop an advanced type of knowledge-based technology; Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (or CSIR) is a premier national Research & Development organization Indian Institute of Science Indian Space Research Organisation Defence Research development Organistaion Indian Institute of Technology

HISTROY OF INDIAN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 1947–1967 India aimed "to convert India’s economy into that of a modern state and to fit her into the nuclear age and do it quickly."It was understood that India had not been at the forefront of the Industrial Revolution, and hence made an effort to promote higher education, and science and technology in India. The main justification for the larger outlay on educational reconstruction is the hypothesis that education is the most important single factor that leads to economic growth [based on] the development of science and technology.

 On 18 August 1951 the minister of education Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, inaugurated the Indian Institute of Technology at Kharagpur in West Bengal.  Radio broadcasting was initiated in 1927 but became state responsibility only in In 1947 it was given the name All India Radio and since 1957 it has been called Akashvani. Limited duration of television programming began in 1959, and complete broadcasting followed in 1965.

1967–1987  The roots of nuclear power in India lie in early acquisition of nuclear reactor technology from a number of western countries, particularly the American support for the Tarapur Atomic Power Station and Canada's CANDU reactors.  The Ministry of Steel and Mines drafted a policy statement to evolve a new model for managing industry. The policy statement was presented to the Parliament on December 2, 1972.

 The Indian space program received only financial support from the Soviet Union, which helped the Indian Space Research Organisation achieve aims such as establishing the Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station, launching remote sensing satellites, developing India’s first satellite—Aryabhatta, and sending astronauts into space. India sustained its nuclear program during the aftermath of Operation Smiling Buddha, the country's first nuclear tests.  In 1981, the Indian Antarctic Programme was started when the first Indian expedition was flagged off for Antarctica from Goa. More missions were subsequently sent each year to India's base Dakshin Gangotri.

1987–present  Indian agriculture benefited from the developments made in the field of biotechnology, for which a separate department was created in 1986 under the Ministry of Science and Technology. Both the Indian private sector and the government have invested in the medical and agricultural applications of biotechnology.  The Indian economy underwent economic reforms in 1991, leading to a new era of globalisation and international economic integration. Economic growth of over 6% annually was seen between 1993–2002. Same year a new permanent Antarctic base Maitri was founded and continues to remain in operation.  IT, Biotechnology, Aerospace, Nuclear science, manufacturing technology, automobile engineering, chemical engineering, ship building, space science, electronics, computer science and other medical science related research and development are occurring on a large scale in the country.  In 2017, India became an associate member of European Organization for Nuclear Research.

SPACE EXPLORATION  Mars Orbit Mission The Mars Orbiter Mission, also called "Mangalyaan", was launched on 5 November 2013 by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). It is India's first interplanetary mission, making ISRO the fourth space agency to reach Mars, after the Soviet space program, NASA, and the European Space Agency, the first Asian nation to reach Mars orbit, and the first nation to do so on its first attempt.  Chandrayaan-1 On 18 November 2008, the Moon Impact probe was released from Chandrayaan-1 at a height of 100 km (62 mi). During its 25-minute descent, Chandra's Altitudinal Composition Explorer (CHACE) recorded evidence of water in 650 mass spectra readings gathered during this time. On 24 September 2009 Science journal reported that the Chandrayaan-1 had detected water ice on the Moon.

SCIENCE ACADEMIES IN INDIA  Indian Academy of Sciences Also referred to colloquially as the "Bangalore Academy", Indian Academy of Sciences (IAS) was founded in 1934 by C. V. Raman, the eminent physicist of his time in Bangalore (now Bengaluru), Karnataka (formerly known as the State of Mysore), India.  National Academy of Sciences, India The founder and first president of the National Academy of Sciences, India (NASI) was Dr. Meghnad Saha in 1930 in Allahabad (Prayag), Uttar Pradesh, India.  Indian National Science Academy Founded in 1935 based on a proposal by the Indian Science Congress Association (ISCA) and National Institute of Science of India (NISI) with Dr. Meghnad Saha's blessings, Indian National Science Academy (INSA) is based in New Delhi, India. According to its charter, the historical aim of the INSA was to be similar to the Royal Society, London, a gathering of learned people to exchange ideas and further science.

NUCLEAR POWER IN INDIA Nuclear power is the fifth-largest source of electricity in India after coal, gas, hydroelectricity and wind power. As of March 2018, India has 22 nuclear reactors in operation in 7 nuclear power plants, having a total installed capacity of 6,780 MW. Early nuclear physics research As early as 1901, the Geological Survey of India (GSI) had recognised India as potentially having significant deposits of radioactive ores, including pitchblende, uranium and thorianite. Several Indian physicists, notably Daulat Singh Kothari, Meghnad Saha, Homi J. Bhabha and R. S. Krishnan, conducted pioneering research in nuclear physics in Europe during the 1930s.

By 1939, Meghnad Saha, the Palit Professor of Physics at the University of Calcutta, had recognised the significance of the discovery of nuclear fission, and had begun to conduct various experiments in his laboratory related to nuclear physics. In 1940, he incorporated nuclear physics into the university's post-graduate curriculum. In the same year, the Sir Dorabji Tata Trust sanctioned funds for installing a cyclotron at the University of Calcutta, but various difficulties likely related to the war delayed the project. In 1944, Homi J. Bhabha, a distinguished nuclear physicist who had established a research school at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. Homi J. Bhabha wrote a letter to his distant cousin J. R. D. Tata, the chairman of the Tata Group. He requested funds to establish a research institute of fundamental physics, "with special reference to cosmic rays and nuclear physics." The Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) was estd

Establishment of Atomic energy in India  Following the atomic bombing of Hiroshima in August 1945, R.S. Krishnan, a nuclear physicist who had studied under Norman Feather and John Cockroft, and who recognised the massive energy-generating potential of uranium, observed, "If the tremendous energy released from atomic explosions is made available to drive machinery, etc., it will bring about an industrial revolution of a far-reaching character." He further noted, however, the difficulties in harnessing nuclear power for peaceful usage, "...a great deal more research work is needed before atomic power can be put to industrial use."  In March 1946, the Board of Scientific and Industrial Research (BSIR), under the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), set up an Atomic Research Committee under Bhabha's leadership to explore India's atomic energy resources and to suggest ways to develop and harness them, along with establishing contacts with similar organisations in other nations.

 Early in 1947, plans were made to establish a Uranium Unit under the Geological Survey of India, to focus on identifying and developing resources of uranium-bearing minerals.  In June 1947, two months before Indian independence, Chakravarti Rajagopalachari, then Minister for Industry, Supply, Education and Finance in the Interim Government of India, established an Advisory Board for Research in Atomic Energy. Chaired by Bhabha and placed under the CSIR, the Advisory Board included Saha, Bhatnagar and several other distinguished scientists, notably Sir K. S. Krishnan, the co- discoverer of the Raman effect, geologist Darashaw Nosherwan Wadia and Nazir Ahmed, a student of Ernest Rutherford.  A Joint Committee comprising the above scientists and three representatives of the Travancore government was set up to determine how best to utilise Travancore's resources of monazite.

On 23 March 1948, Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru introduced the Atomic Energy Bill in the Indian Parliament, and it was subsequently passed as the Indian Atomic Energy Act. Modelled on the British Atomic Energy Act 1946, The Act granted sweeping powers to the central government over Nuclear science and research, Surveying for atomic minerals, Conducting research regarding the scientific and technical problems connected with developing atomic energy for peaceful purposes, Establishing some laboratories, institutes and universities.

With effect from 1 June 1948, the Advisory Board for Research in Atomic Energy, the new Department of Scientific Research and placed directly under the Prime Minister. On 3 August 1948, the Atomic Energy Commission of India (AEC) was established and made separate from the Department of Scientific Research, with Bhabha as its first chairman. On 3 January 1954, the Atomic Energy Establishment, Trombay (AEET) was established by the Atomic Energy Commission to consolidate all nuclear reactor research and technology-related developments; on 3 August, the Atomic Energy Commission and all its subordinate agencies, including the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research and the nuclear research institute at Calcutta University, were transferred to the new Department of Atomic Energy and placed under the direct charge of the Prime Minister's Office.

Beginnings of commercial nuclear power  In September 1955, the question of building a commercial nuclear power station was raised in Parliament.  In August 1957, members of the Gujarat Chamber of Commerce in Ahmedabad (then in Bombay State) requested an atomic power station for their city, by which time the Indian government was actively considering the construction of at least "one or more large Atomic Power Stations to generate electricity."  By November 1958, the Atomic Energy Commission had recommended construction of two nuclear power stations, each consisting of two units and able to generate 500 MW

India- Defence Technology  The responsibility of developing India’s defense technology is assigned to the DRDO, i.e., the Defence Research and Development Organization. The Defence Research and Development Organization or DRDO was set up in 1958 and hence, it is the supreme body of researching, monitoring, regulating, and administering the India Defence Research and Development Program.

At present, DRDO is a network of more than 50 laboratories located in different cities of the country. The DRDO specializes in the following fields − Aeronautical Engineering Electronics Armaments Engineering system Combat vehicles Missiles Advanced computing and simulation Life science Special materials Agriculture Training, etc.

Cyber Crime & Cyber Security The crime that involves and uses computer devices and Internet, is known as cybercrime. Cybercrime can be committed against an individual or a group; it can also be committed against government and private organizations. It may be intended to harm someone’s reputation, physical harm, or even mental harm. Cybercrime can cause direct harm or indirect harm to whoever the victim is. However, the largest threat of cybercrime is on the financial security of an individual as well as the government.

Types of Cybercrime Hacking It is an illegal practice by which a hacker breaches the computer’s security system of someone for personal interest. Unwarranted mass-surveillance Mass surveillance means surveillance of a substantial fraction of a group of people by the authority especially for the security purpose, but if someone does it for personal interest, it is considered as cybercrime. Child pornography It is one of the most heinous crimes that is brazenly practiced across the world. Children are sexually abused and videos are being made and uploaded on the Internet.

Child grooming It is the practice of establishing an emotional connection with a child especially for the purpose of child-trafficking and child prostitution. Copyright infringement If someone infringes someone’s protected copyright without permission and publishes that with his own name, is known as copyright infringement. Money laundering Illegal possession of money by an individual or an organization is known as money laundering. It typically involves transfers of money through foreign banks and/or legitimate business. In other words, it is the practice of transforming illegitimately earned money into the legitimate financial system. Cyber-extortion When a hacker hacks someone’s server, or computer system and demands money to reinstate the system, it is known as cyber-extortion. Cyber-terrorism Normally, when someone hacks government’s security system or intimidates government or such a big organization to advance his political or social objectives by invading the security system through computer networks, it is known as cyber-terrorism.

Cyber Security Cyber security is a potential activity by which information and other communication systems are protected from and/or defended against the unauthorized use or modification or exploitation or even theft. Likewise, cyber security is a well-designed technique to protect computers, networks, different programs, personal data, etc., from unauthorized access. All sorts of data whether it is government, corporate, or personal need high security; however, some of the data, which belongs to the government defense system, banks, defense research and development organization, etc. are highly confidential and even small amount of negligence to these data may cause great damage to the whole nation. Therefore, such data need security at a very high level.

How to Secure Data? Let us now discuss how to secure data. In order to make your security system strong, you need to pay attention to the following − Security Architecture Network Diagram Security Assessment Procedure Security Policies Risk Management Policy Backup and Restore Procedures Disaster Recovery Plan Risk Assessment Procedures Once you have a complete blueprint of the points mentioned above, you can put better security system to your data and can also retrieve your data if something goes wrong.

Artificial Intelligence Artificial Intelligence or simply AI is an experimental science being developed with the purpose to understand the nature of intelligent thought and subsequent action. It is presented by machines or software (computer). In today’s context, largely, but of course not exclusively, Artificial Intelligence is related to Computer.

Definition of Artificial Intelligence “An attempt will be made to find how to make machines use language, form abstractions and concepts, solve kinds of problems now reserved for humans, and improve themselves. We think that a significant advance can be made in one or more of these problems if a carefully selected group of scientists work on it together for a summer.” Examples of AI Following are a few examples of Artificial Intelligence in today’s world − Voice recognition by a computer system Image interpretation Face recognition Technology of biometrics Driverless vehicles Communication with machine, etc.

Applications of AI In today’s technological world, AI is being applied in many different fields. Application of AI Techniques in Network Intrusion Detection Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) protects computer and communication networks from intruders. Following are the major areas where Artificial Intelligence is applied − Application of AI Techniques in Medical Field Application of AI Techniques in Accounting Databases Application of AI Techniques in the Computer Games Application of AI Techniques in enhancing the human intelligence, etc.

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