Figure 1. A general phylogeny for the Polysphincta group of wasps, based on fig. 4 of Matsumoto (2016). The subgroups ... Figure 1. A general phylogeny.

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Figure 1. A general phylogeny for the Polysphincta group of wasps, based on fig. 4 of Matsumoto (2016). The subgroups ... Figure 1. A general phylogeny for the Polysphincta group of wasps, based on fig. 4 of Matsumoto (2016). The subgroups of genera recognized by Matsumoto are labelled with letters: A, Schizopyga; B, Acrodactyla; C, Polysphincta. Genera in Matsumoto’s figure with no host information were omitted, whereas those in the Polysphincta subgroup for which there is information on host manipulation (Table 1) but that were not included in Matsumoto’s study are added in parentheses; their positions are based on Gauld & Dubois (2006). Unless provided in the caption above, the following copyright applies to the content of this slide: © 2019 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean SocietyThis article is published and distributed under the terms of the Oxford University Press, Standard Journals Publication Model (https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model) Biol J Linn Soc, blz044, https://doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blz044 The content of this slide may be subject to copyright: please see the slide notes for details.

Figure 2. This cocoon web of an Eruga sp. nr Figure 2. This cocoon web of an Eruga sp. nr. gutfreundi raised from a Leucauge mariana spider in captivity shows ... Figure 2. This cocoon web of an Eruga sp. nr. gutfreundi raised from a Leucauge mariana spider in captivity shows affinities with the moulting webs of Leucauge mariana that were previously unappreciated (Eberhard, 2013). Nearly all the strong lines radiating from the four-sided, strongly ribbed cocoon were in nearly the same plane (white arrows in C), rather than projecting in three dimensions; and several lines in the tangle are attached multiply to the substrate. The small arrays of lines at some edges of the cocoon (arrows in C and D), which were previously thought to be the edges of a platform built by the spider (Eberhard, 2013), were probably produced instead by the wasp larva. As illustrated in D, these larval lines were thicker, kinkier, and golden rather than white in colour (the web is coated with white powder and seen from below in A and B; it is uncoated and seen from above in C and D; the cocoon is 4.7 mm long). Unless provided in the caption above, the following copyright applies to the content of this slide: © 2019 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean SocietyThis article is published and distributed under the terms of the Oxford University Press, Standard Journals Publication Model (https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model) Biol J Linn Soc, blz044, https://doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blz044 The content of this slide may be subject to copyright: please see the slide notes for details.

Figure 3. These webs illustrate variations in the tangles that were associated with moulting webs of Leucauge mariana. ... Figure 3. These webs illustrate variations in the tangles that were associated with moulting webs of Leucauge mariana. A, a newly moulted nymph and its exuvium hang in the open space in the tangle of lines immediately below the hub of the moulting web (the arrow indicates the drag line attachment to the hub). B, lateral view of a moulting web with moderately extensive tangles both above and below the hub. C, lateral view of a relatively dense tangle above and below the hub of a penultimate female's moulting web (a male is at the hub, and the female at the right margin). D, lateral view of the least elaborate moulting web seen (with the exuvium); there was no tangle above or below. E, lateral view of a moulting web with a distinct hub, a sparse tangle below and no tangle above. Unless provided in the caption above, the following copyright applies to the content of this slide: © 2019 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean SocietyThis article is published and distributed under the terms of the Oxford University Press, Standard Journals Publication Model (https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model) Biol J Linn Soc, blz044, https://doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blz044 The content of this slide may be subject to copyright: please see the slide notes for details.

Figure 4. These webs of Allocyclosa bifurca illustrate substantial intraspecific variation that is potentially ... Figure 4. These webs of Allocyclosa bifurca illustrate substantial intraspecific variation that is potentially available to be manipulated by the parasite. A, a typical prey-capture web of a mature female. B, a typical cocoon web built under the influence of the wasp Polysphincta gutfreundi. C, the resting web of a mature male (attached to the frame lines of the orb of a mature female). D, a typical moulting web built within the frame lines of a previous prey-capture web. E, a moulting web with a few loops of sticky spiral. F, a moulting web consisting of a partly removed prey-capture web. ‘V’ radii are marked with circles, secondary frame lines with ‘s’. Unless provided in the caption above, the following copyright applies to the content of this slide: © 2019 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean SocietyThis article is published and distributed under the terms of the Oxford University Press, Standard Journals Publication Model (https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model) Biol J Linn Soc, blz044, https://doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blz044 The content of this slide may be subject to copyright: please see the slide notes for details.

Figure 5. A, the relationship in the moulting and cocoon webs elicited by Polysphincta gutfreundi in Allocyclosa ... Figure 5. A, the relationship in the moulting and cocoon webs elicited by Polysphincta gutfreundi in Allocyclosa bifurca between hub loops and radii is similar albeit not identical to the relationship in prey-capture webs. B, in Leucauge mariana, in contrast, this relationship is sharply different in cocoon webs built under the influence of Hymenoepimecis tedfordi from that in moulting and prey-capture webs. This lack of uniformity suggests that the reduction in hub loops in the cocoon webs of this species is not simply an incidental consequence of reductions in the numbers of radii. Unless provided in the caption above, the following copyright applies to the content of this slide: © 2019 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean SocietyThis article is published and distributed under the terms of the Oxford University Press, Standard Journals Publication Model (https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model) Biol J Linn Soc, blz044, https://doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blz044 The content of this slide may be subject to copyright: please see the slide notes for details.

Figure 6. These webs illustrate variation in the hubs of the moulting webs of Leucauge mariana. A, a hub similar to ... Figure 6. These webs illustrate variation in the hubs of the moulting webs of Leucauge mariana. A, a hub similar to those in prey-capture orbs, with a hub spiral and an open hole in the centre (the small orb below was built by a spiderling in the tangle below the hub). B, a ‘hub’ where a few radial lines converged, but which lacked a hub spiral. C, the ‘hub’ of the least elaborate moulting web seen (Fig. 3D), with no clear point of convergence of radial lines. D, a hub with clear hub spiral loops but lacking a central hole. Unless provided in the caption above, the following copyright applies to the content of this slide: © 2019 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean SocietyThis article is published and distributed under the terms of the Oxford University Press, Standard Journals Publication Model (https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model) Biol J Linn Soc, blz044, https://doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blz044 The content of this slide may be subject to copyright: please see the slide notes for details.

Figure 7. This cocoon web, built by a mature female Leucauge mariana under the influence of Hymenopeimecis tedfordi in ... Figure 7. This cocoon web, built by a mature female Leucauge mariana under the influence of Hymenopeimecis tedfordi in a cylindrical container in captivity, is seen from above (A, C) and partly from the side (B). Scale bar: 0.5 cm in all photographs. The photographs illustrate the central open space surrounded by tangle lines where the cocoon hangs below the hub (A, B), reinforced radii (A, C), multiple attachments to the substrate (B), and the intact centre of the hub with the suggestion of a single hub loop (C). Unless provided in the caption above, the following copyright applies to the content of this slide: © 2019 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean SocietyThis article is published and distributed under the terms of the Oxford University Press, Standard Journals Publication Model (https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model) Biol J Linn Soc, blz044, https://doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blz044 The content of this slide may be subject to copyright: please see the slide notes for details.