Essential Question: What were the significant individuals & accomplishments of the Civil Rights movement? Warm-Up Question: How might their experiences during WW2 have influenced African Americans in the Civil Rights Era?

African Americans in U.S. History To better appreciate the impact of the Civil Rights movement, let’s review the struggles African Americans faced over time Working with a partner, complete the timeline of events in U.S. history that impacted African Americans Each era on the timeline has a matching “Injustice” & “Achievement” event Answers will be revealed in a brief ppt

Slavery in American History (1619-1865)

Slavery in American History In 1619, the 1st African slaves were introduced in the colonies By 1660, slave labor replaced indentured servitude as the main colonial labor system: Slaves worked on tobacco & rice plantations in Southern colonies Slaves worked as domestic servants in Northern colonies Timeline Answers: Colonial Era: D & 8

Timeline Answers: The New Nation: I & 3 But, the Founding Fathers did not abolish slavery Before the American Revolution, slaves were present in each of the 13 colonies The Revolutionary War (1776-1783) changed attitudes towards slavery Timeline Answers: The New Nation: I & 3 By 1804, 9 outlawed slavery In 1808, the USA outlawed the African slave trade The Northwest Ordinance (1787), outlawed slavery

Slavery in American History From 1800 to 1860, sectional tension increased in America as slavery expanded into the West “King Cotton” became dominant & increased slavery in the South During Manifest Destiny, slavery tensions increased as Texas & the Mexican Cession were added The Compromises of 1820 & 1850 only temporarily settled the issue

Timeline Answers: Early Antebellum: G & 5 From 1800 to 1860, sectional tension increased as slavery expanded into the West “King Cotton” became dominant & increased slavery in the South Timeline Answers: Early Antebellum: G & 5 1790 1830

Timeline Answers: Late Antebellum B & 6 Slavery in America, 1860 Abolitionists like William Lloyd Garrison, Frederick Douglass, & Harriet Beecher Stowe attacked slavery From 1800 to 1860, sectional tension increased as slavery expanded into the West The Compromises of 1820 & 1850 only temporarily settled the issue During Manifest Destiny, tensions over slavery increased as Texas & the Mexican Cession were added Timeline Answers: Late Antebellum B & 6 Sectional events led to Civil War: Bleeding Kansas, Dred Scott case, John Brown’s Raid, Election of Lincoln in 1860 1860

Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 which made the Civil War about slavery

Reconstruction & the Jim Crow Era (1865-1954)

Timeline Answers: Civil War & Reconstruction: A & 1 The Union victory in the Civil War led to the: 13th Amendment (ended slavery) 14th Amendment (citizenship for freedmen) 15th Amendment (voting rights for freedmen) Freedman’s Bureau & five military zones Timeline Answers: Civil War & Reconstruction: A & 1 The South responded with the KKK & black codes; Reconstruction ended in 1877

States with Jim Crow Laws Jim Crow laws created segregation Poll taxes, literacy tests, & grandfather clauses Most blacks were sharecroppers Civil rights leaders WEB DuBois & Booker T Washington fought against segregation laws; the NAACP was formed to help African Americans Timeline Answers: Gilded Age & Progressives: H & 7 In 1896, the Supreme Court declared “separate but equal” in the Plessy v Ferguson case

Timeline Answers: WWI & 1920s: C & 2 World War I & the 1920s During WWI, the Great Migration led African American workers into the North; Black soldiers fought in segregated units In the 1920s, African Americans experienced the Harlem Renaissance Timeline Answers: WWI & 1920s: C & 2 In the 1930s, FDR’s New Deal discriminated against black workers

Timeline Answers: 1930s & WWII: F & 9 World War II A. Philip Randolph pressured FDR to create the Fair Employment Practices Commission Timeline Answers: 1930s & WWII: F & 9 In WWII, the Great Migration helped break sharecropping in the South

Timeline Answers: Post War: E & 4 In the 1950s, white flight to the suburbs & Jim Crow laws left the U.S. segregated

The Modern Civil Rights Movement (1954-1965)

Early Successes in Civil Rights By 1950, the United States was a segregated society: Jim Crow laws throughout the South created a segregated society (de jure segregation) White flight to the suburbs left African Americans in poor inner cities (de facto segregation) But after WWII, African Americans gained success in civil rights De jure segregation is separation enforced by law, while de facto segregation occurs when widespread individual preferences, sometimes backed up with private pressure, lead to separation.

Early Successes in Civil Rights In 1948, Truman became the 1st president to attack segregation: Truman issued an executive order to integrate the military He outlawed discrimination in the hiring of government employees In 1947, Jackie Robinson was the 1st black major league baseball player

Jackie Robinson http://safeshare.tv/w/BdxFUTOdhb Jackie Robinson signing his professional contract with Brooklyn Dodgers owner Branch Rickey in 1945 Robinson won National League MVP in 1949 Robinson made his MLB debut in 1947 Robinson won Rookie of the Year in 1947

The Struggle Over Civil Rights Segregated school districts spend 10 times more on white students than black students The modern Civil Rights movement began in 1954 with the Supreme Court decision Brown v Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas The NAACP took the lead in civil rights; Segregated schools became their primary target Their strategy was to use lawsuits to challenge that segregation violated the 14th Amendment NAACP attorneys successfully challenged discrimination in university admissions for graduate programs The Fourteenth Amendment (Amendment XIV) to the United States Constitution was adopted on July 9, 1868, as one of the ReconstructionAmendments. The amendment addresses citizenship rights and equal protection of the laws, and was proposed in response to issues related to former slaves following the American Civil War.

Brown v Board of Education Brown v Board of Education in 1954 The Topeka school district denied Linda Brown from attending a white school 4 blocks from her house NAACP lawyer Thurgood Marshall used the 14th Amendment to attack public school segregation Marshall argued that even “equal” schools, if separate, imply that black children are inferior to whites

Thurgood Marshall & his NAACP legal team Thurgood Marshall’s success in Brown made him the most famous black lawyer in the U.S.; In 1967, he became the 1st black justice appointed to the Supreme Court Ruby Bridges was the first girl to integrate to an all white school in Louisiana. Linda Brown was in junior high School by this time. Her name was used on the docket due to alphabetical circumstance. Linda Brown

Brown v Board of Education The Supreme Court’s unanimous decision in Brown v Board of Education (1954) ruled “separate facilities are inherently unequal” Chief Justice Earl Warren stated that segregation violated the “equal protection clause” of the 14th Amendment The decision overturned the Plessy v Ferguson (1896) “separate but equal” precedent

Brown v Board of Education The Brown decision was divisive: Schools integrated in Baltimore, St Louis, & Washington DC But Southern state leaders vowed to resist integration & the KKK returned to block integration At first, President Eisenhower left enforcement of Brown up to states & did not enforce the decision

Brown v. Board of Ed Today… https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HJ-ngGLudSI CBS News

Resistance to Brown “The people of Georgia will not comply with the decision of the court… We're going to do whatever is necessary in Georgia to keep white children in white schools and colored children in colored schools."

Desegregating Schools In 1957, President Eisenhower was forced to support integration Arkansas governor Orval Faubus called the National Guard to keep black students from enrolling in Little Rock’s Central High School Eisenhower sent the Army to force integration for the black students (the “Little Rock Nine”)

Integrating Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas (1957) Elizabeth Eckford didn’t get the call to meet the other nine students and had to walk in by herself. Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus http://safeshare.tv/w/NJmXhqTGyH The “Little Rock Nine”

Conclusions The Brown v BOE decision was the first major step towards ending Jim Crow segregation in America The NAACP provided a model for other civil rights leaders to follow by using the 14th Amendment Resistance to Brown revealed that civil rights leaders could not rely on the gov’t to protect rights New leaders would soon emerge to take charge of the movement