Indus River Valley Ancient India

Geography Located in modern day _____________________ Rich agricultural lands surrounded by highlands, _________________, deserts, and the ocean Developed in the area known as the Indian ______________________

Indus River Valley It was named after the city of _______________. Harappa and the city of ______________________-_____________ were important cities. This ________________Valley “civilization” flourished around ________________-1000 BCE

Other River Civilizations Locations

Early Harappan-Ravi Phase 3300-2800 BCE ____________networks linked culture with related regional cultures and distant sources of _________ ________________ ________________________crops included peas, sesame seeds, _________________and cotton. Domestic _______________also used, such as the _____________ __________________

Middle Harappan-Integration Era 2600-1900 BCE By 2500 BCE, communities had been turned into ___________________centers. Over ______________cities and settlements have been found ____________________used to increase crop production and ____________brick structures.

Late Harappan 1700-1300 BCE ________________of human remains The bones were stored in painted ___________________burial urns ______________________pottery, painted in black with shapes and designs with different surface treatments to the earlier period. Expansion of settlements into the ______________ ____________________became a main crop Apparent breakdown of the widespread __________________of the Indus civilization, with materials such as _________________shells no longer used.

Natural Resources The Indus Valley contained numerous ________________resources that were an important part of Harappan civilization. Resources included: Fresh __________________and timber Materials such as _______________, silver, semi-precious __________________.

City Plans Houses had ____________roofs and were just about __________________________ Each was built around a _____________________, with _______________________overlooking the courtyard. The ______________________walls had no windows. Each home had its own private drinking well and its own private _________________________. Clay __________________led from the bathrooms to sewers located under the streets. These ______________________drained into nearly rivers and streams.

Language The Indus (or Harappan) people used a _________________________script. Some 3500 examples of this script survive in __________________seals carved in _________________, in molded ___________________and faience amulets, in fragments of ____________________, and in a few other categories of inscribed objects.

Economy-Trade The Harappan civilization was mainly ________________and based on ________________. Inhabitants of the Indus valley traded with Mesopotamia, southern ________________, _____________________, and Persia for gold, __________________, copper, and turquoise.

Economy-Agriculture _________________systems were used to take advantage of the ________________grounds along the Indus River. _________________were built to control the river's annual ______________________. Crops grown included _______________, barley, peas, ____________________, and sesame. This civilization was the first to cultivate ___________________for the production of ________________.

Collapse of Harappan “Civilization” The ________________________ period of the Harappan Civilization saw the collapse and disappearance of the urban phenomena in the South __________________. The theme for this period is ______________________. Architectural and ceramic forms changed along with the loss of ___________________, planned settlements, public _____________________, monumental __________________________ seaborne and exotic trade, seals, and weights.

Four Theories of Collapse Three theories are based on ______________________factors: intense ______________________, decrease in precipitation, and the __________________of the Sarasvati River. The fourth hypothesis is that of the _______________ Invasion, proposed by Sir R. E. Mortimer Wheeler and Stuart Piggott. Fourth largely _______________________in the 1940s in favor of a combination of factors from ecological _______________________.