Probing the structure of weak interactions

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Probing the structure of weak interactions D.Zakoucky, Nuclear Physics Institute ASCR, Rez near Prague Experimental project WISArD (Weak-Interaction Studies with 32Ar Decay) online at ISOLDE/CERN Motivation - Standard Model of electro-weak interactions and beyond Sensitive variables, experimental principle Experimental project WISArD facility Status, online experiment, results Summary & Outlook

Standard Model of electro-weak interactions General form of Hamiltonian with 5 possible interaction types and coupling constants Ci , C’i (parity conserving and violating) defining their properties Standard model – first formulated by Lee & Yang, 1956; experimentally observed parity violation by Wu et al., 1957 : CV=1 (CVC) CA=-1.27 (gA/gV=-1.26976 from n-decay) CV΄=CV & CA΄=CA (maximal parity violation) CS=CS΄=CT=CT΄=CP=CP΄=0 (only V- and A-currents) no time reversal violation BUT: How precise is 0 ???? (CS, CT) experimental evidence CT(΄)/CA < 0.09 ; CS(΄)/CV < 0.07 (95%CL) After 60 years of efforts !!! Scalar Vector Tensor Axial Vector Pseudoscalar non-relativistic Famous V-A character of interaction

Standard Model and beyond Mobile phone , type ~1950’s Standard Model : old theory, nevertheless works very well - too many ‘parameters’ (masses, fine structure constant, Fermi constant, Weinberg angle, …) - number of not-well understood features (e.g. parity violation, baryon-antibaryon asymmetry, unification with gravitation, etc.) Successful theory but a “low” energy approximation of more fundamental theory, there is surely new physics beyond SM (e.g. neutrino oscillations !) Search for this physics beyond the SM - at high energy colliders, neutrino physics, atomic physics (parity violation), nuclear -decay (correlations) High E: search for “exotic” particles whose exchange could create possible Scalar or Tensor-type interactions (e.g. charged Higgs,..) High-energy and low-energy experiments are complementary – it is useful to test the SM in different energy domains correspondence of High x Low-energy searches : sensitivity of low-energy searches (limits on the strength of the forbidden interaction) can be related to the lower mass limits of the hypothetical exotic bosons (responsible for the interaction) searched for in high-energy physics

Low energy search Principle: find the variables/signatures which are sensitive to the character of the interaction and perform precise measurements that can reveal the presence of “forbidden” interaction or set the upper limits for its strength correlations in -decay – search for new exotic S- and T-interactions (-, -nucleus correlations ; nuclear recoil measurement, Doppler effect measurement, ...) - correlation in -decay - a parameter (sensitive to both Scalar, Tensor interaction) can simultaneously study both “forbidden interactions” – Scalar in Fermi decays, Tensor in Gamow-Teller decays Difficulty to directly detect neutrinos  study recoil nuclei instead of neutrinos  direct measurement of the shape of energy spectrum of nuclei recoiling after -decay (WITCH) measurement of the shape of proton spectrum from -delayed proton decay (WISArD)

- correlations (search for Scalar & Tensor weak interactions) ne nucleus q (assuming maximal P-violation and T-invariance for V- and A-interactions) aGT and aF independent of nuclear matrix elements

- correlations Vector interaction Scalar interaction -decay : super-allowed 0+  0+ Fermi transition Spins of  and  have to be antiparallel (couple to 0) Momenta are parallel for vector and antiparallel for scalar interaction Vector interaction (included in SM) High energy of recoil nucleus, moving opposite to emitted particles Scalar interaction (beyond SM) Very small energy of recoil nucleus We need to find the way to determine the recoil nucleus energy - because this is very different for vector (SM allowed) and scalar (SM forbidden) interaction - and precisely measure it

-delayed proton decay (case of 32Ar) 32Ar decays by -decay to the 32Cl which subsequently decays by proton decay to 31S Interested in super-allowed Fermi -decay 32Ar 32Cl to Isobaric Analog State followed by the proton decay 32Cl  31S Protons are emitted from the moving nucleus 32Cl recoiling after previous -decay  energy of protons is Doppler shifted Significant difference between the effect of Doppler shift on proton energy between scalar -decay (small recoil energy) and vector -decay (high recoil energy)  Shape of proton spectrum reflects energy spectrum of recoil nuclei after the -decay (and that is sensitive to the scalar x vector character of the weak interaction) Precise measurements of proton spectra in coincidence with positrons can search for deviations from the shape of allowed vector decay and look for admixture of a “forbidden” scalar one Detection of particles at extreme angles 0 and 180  energy shifts rather than broadened width  improved sensitivity

Problem: summing of protons and positrons Our experimental method relies on the precise study of the peak shape – must avoid (or control) possible processes distorting the peak shape  differentiate between positrons and protons in the detectors (avoid summing which causes distortions in the peak shape !!) best is to spatially divide positron and proton tracks (and therefore use different detectors for e+ and p )  strong magnetic field WISArD

WISArD (Weak-Interaction Studies with 32Ar Decay) Principle of the experiment Whole setup in the magnetic field (up to 9T) 32Ar ions implanted into the mylar foil Positrons from the -decay detected by the narrow forward detector placed on axis Protons from the subsequent p-decay of 32Cl detected by arrays of Si detectors in forward and backward direction Spiraling positrons cannot reach the proton detectors placed off axis

WISArD (Weak-Interaction Studies with 32Ar Decay) 32Ar ions implanted into the 6mm wide and 100m thick mylar foil Positrons detected by the cylindrical forward plastic scintilator detector (BC-408): 5cm long, 2 cm in diameter; SiPM readout Protons detected by 8 surface 300µm thick Si detectors with 30mm diameter arranged in 2 disks in forward and backward direction, off axis (so spiralling positrons cannot reach them) Preamps GANIL/Bordeaux design, inside magnet, not cooled Setup in the bore of superconducting magnet with field up to 9T, length 2.6m

WISArD (Weak-Interaction Studies with 32Ar Decay) Research of new physics beyond the Standard Model at low energies by measuring the beta-neutrino angular correlation, aβ The new WISArD experiment reutilises the former WITCH superconducting magnet at ISOLDE. The proton and positron detection in the same or in the opposite hemisphere of the superconducting magnet will allow the determination of the Doppler shift on the protons emitted because vector and scalar currents has different angular distributions between the two emitted leptons: angular correlations peaked at 0° for the vector current and at 180° for the scalar current

ISOLDE (Isotope Separator OnLine Device) 2A proton 1.4GeV beam from PS booster hitting thick target 2 mass separators General Purpose Separator and High Resolution Separator provide pure beams beam of 1+ ions, energy 30-60keV WISArD online proof-of-principle experiment: - November 2018, latest run before the CERN shutdown - HRS, CaO nanostructured target - 1.5 A proton 1.4GeV beam - 4T mgt. field, 1300 32Ar ions/s at the setup

-delayed proton decay of 32Ar - simulations Proton spectra in coincidence with positrons for the “Fermi peak” simulated by GEANT4

Online experiment - -delayed proton decay of 32Ar Proton peak (from the IAS in 32Cl after the Fermi –decay of 32Ar) Full peak : centroid proton energy 3267 keV Coincidence peak (protons and positrons in the same (upward) direction: centroid proton energy 3263 keV Positron up  recoil nucleus down  proton emitted upwards from downwards moving nucleus  lower energy

Online experiment - -delayed proton decay of 32Ar Proton peak (from the IAS in 32Cl after the Fermi –decay of 32Ar) Full peak : centroid proton energy 3379 keV Coincidence peak (protons downward and positrons in upward direction): centroid proton energy 3384 keV Positron up  recoil nucleus down  proton emitted downwards from downwards moving nucleus  higher energy

Summary & outlook precision measurement of the aβν is a sensitive tool to search for the scalar component of weak interactions using the Doppler energy shift of the β-delayed protons emitted in decay of 32Ar new experimental setup WISArD at ISOLDE/CERN has been proposed : designed, constructed, installed and commissioned successful proof-of-principle experiment performed, expected Doppler shifts of proton peaks observed full data analysis and simulations are ongoing, systematic effects under investigation problems were identified and during the long CERN shutdown will be worked on Goal : Accomplish the main purpose of the WISArD experiment - real precision measurement with 32Ar, getting statistics for proton spectrum with a good resolution and perform simulations with comparable precision, obtain good accuracy for a parameter => improve the limits for scalar interaction new and better detectors and preamplifiers, cooling of detectors+preamps to improve resolution aim: with a FWHM = 5 keV  a ≈ 0.1% (competitive with LHC) design and install downward annular beta detector (with hole to allow the ion beam to go through) use of solid catcher foil or trapping? – reduce absorption in catcher foil for upward particles use of scintillators or silicon detectors for positrons? improve the beam tuning and diagnostics to increase the intensity of incoming beam (our own offline source) usable nuclei: 20Mg, 24Si, 28S, 32Ar, 36Ca…, but only for 32Ar the beam intensity is feasible today (maybe 20Mg) not restricted only to scalar interaction – possible search for tensor interactions in GT transitions

WISArD Collaboration D. Zakoucky1 , V. Araujo-Escalona2, P. Alfaurt3, P. Ascher3, D. Atanasov2, B. Blank3, L. Daudin3, X. Fléchard 4, M. Gerbaux3, J. Giovinazzo3, S. Grévy3, T. Kurtukian Nieto3, E. Liénard 4, L. Nies5, G. Quéméner 4, M. Roche3, N. Severijns2, S. Vanlangendonck2, M. Versteegen3, P. Wagenknecht2 1NPI Rez (Czech Republic) 2KU Leuven (Belgium) 3CEN Bordeaux-Gradignan (France) 4LPC Caen (France) 5II Physics Institute, Uni Giessen (Germany)

-delayed proton decay of 32Ar

First experiment with -delayed proton decay of 32Ar at ISOLDE ZPA 345 (1993) 265 Set-up: cooled silicon detector 32Ar 33Ar a = 1.00(8)