Sahel & North Africa Vocabulary http://messengerandadvocate.files.wordpress.com/2007/04/west-africa-ghana-mission.jpg Sahel & North Africa Vocabulary Terms are in green. Definitions of the terms are in boxes.

There are many ways to export products. http://www.starfireusa.com/CMSUploads/ExportServices2.JPG

To export a product, a country needs a way to send it out of the country. http://www.chinasignpost.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/sudan-map-21.jpg

1. export: send something out of the country to sell http://www.auguricom.com/Import--and--Export.php

2. import: bring things INTO your country from outside

3. developing country But most African countries are still developing countries. The U.S. is already a developed country. http://www.fullpassport.com/Trip2001/Images11/timsuburb.jpg

Developing countries may be poor, or they may be a mix of modern and poor. Pakistan Brazil http://www.dictatorshipwatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/12/poverty_children.jpg http://media.photobucket.com/image/sao%20paulo%20poverty%20wealth/wishbone98/Sao_Paulo.jpg

3. developing country: has very limited industry & technology and often poor

4. developed country Tokyo, Japan http://fc05.deviantart.net/fs71/f/2010/242/b/c/tokyo_skyline_2_by_freddy13131-d2xnqnk.jpg 4. developed country Tokyo, Japan The U.S. is already a developed country. Other examples of developed countries are Japan and France. Paris, France http://d2f29brjr0xbt3.cloudfront.net/270_skyline/newyorkskyline.jpg

4. developed countries: have lots of technology and are usually wealthy

5. landlocked There are only 2 landlocked countries in South America, but there are many in Europe. http://www.harpercollege.edu/~mhealy/g101t/studygd/unit2/samer/smclosed.gif http://d-maps.com/m/europemin/europemin09.gif

5. landlocked: a country that does not border the sea Landlocked countries better get along with their neighbors if they want to export things by sea! http://www.mapsofworld.com/africa/thematic/maps/africa-landlocked-countries.jpg

6. subsistence farming Subsistence farms are small. There are many subsistence farmers in developing countries. They don’t usually have extra to sell for profit.

6. Subsistence farming produces just enough food to help feed the farmer’s own family.

Deforestation can make droughts more severe.

7. drought: a time with very little rainfall. http://www.flickr.com/photos/photographerglen/963960046/

8. erosion http://www.wordiq.com/definition/Erosion Deforestation leaves the soil with no trees and tree roots to protect it. This leads to serious erosion.

Deforestation and erosion leave the soil less able to absorb rainwater Deforestation and erosion leave the soil less able to absorb rainwater. So flooding is more common during heavy rain.

Erosion by the Colorado River formed the Grand Canyon. 8. erosion: the process of soil or rock being washed away Erosion by the Colorado River formed the Grand Canyon. http://www.flickr.com/photos/67307569@N00/2616398736/

9. Sahel http://www.syngentafoundation.org/images/sahel_zone.gif

It looks like this. . . http://www.eduspace.esa.int/Background/images/Sahel1.jpe http://www.eduspace.esa.int/Background/images/Sahel2.jpg

http://www.cesbio.ups-tlse.fr/data_all/images/sahel23.gif

http://www.dkimages.com/discover/previews/893/45020643.JPG

9. Sahel: the dry grassland on the south edge of the Sahara Desert http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/media/images/41074000/gif/_41074256_africa_sahel_map203.gif

The Sahel has a shortage of arable land. http://farm8.staticflickr.com/7251/7838744884_5a9323efa9_z.jpg

10. arable: land good for farming http://www.fernleighfarms.com/images/rows_green.jpg

11. overgraze When animals graze too long in one area, they strip the leaves off trees and tear plants up by the roots. This permanently kills plants and trees. http://www.eduspace.esa.int/Background/images/Sahel1.jpe

11. overgraze: letting herds eat too much in one area, permanently damaging plants http://geographyfieldwork.com/soiler12_small.jpg

12. slash-and-burn This is a traditional way of clearing land for subsistence farmers – worldwide. http://www.listentoafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/web430-GW-G9-15NOV09-036.jpg

In an area with low population density, this works well. http://www.dkimages.com/discover/previews/786/586368.JPG They farm the land, let it grow back for many years, and eventually re-cut it.

But in modern times, high population density means they can’t wait to let the trees grow back. http://www.dkimages.com/discover/previews/786/586368.JPG

They just keep using the land – over and over – until it is no longer fertile, then abandon it to erosion. http://www.dkimages.com/discover/previews/786/586368.JPG

Slash-and-burn farming often leads to serious soil erosion http://photos.mongabay.com/06/1125marojejy.jpg

and deforestation. http://www.wtamu.edu/~crobinson/Erosion/erosion7.jpg

12. slash-and-burn: cutting down trees and bushes & burning it to get ready to farm http://www.plexuseco.com/EPOW/EPOW-Archive/archive_2006/EPOW-060515_files/5648%20Congo%20Basin%20shift%20cultivn.jpg

13. desertification Overgrazing, slash-and-burn farming, and drought can all cause desertification. http://www.dkimages.com/discover/previews/769/551267.JPG

Desertification Deforestation Healthy Land http://www.dkimages.com/discover/previews/769/588782.JPG

13. desertification: the process of land becoming desert http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ritter/geog101/textbook/images/lithosphere/eolian/desertification_africa_fao_11638.jpg

14. reforestation http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/~carolm/vietnampics/Reforestation_centralhighlands2.JPG

In Benin, these farmers plant trees to use just for firewood and fencing. That saves the natural growth trees. http://www.opecfund.org/about/images/sustainable_development_4_0001.jpg

14. reforestation: replanting trees that have been destroyed by deforestation http://www.africanimpact.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/Token-picture-lr.jpg

What has happened between the 1975 satellite image and the one from 2005? http://conservationmagazine.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Sahel-Satellite-sm.jpg

15. crop rotation GRAINS http://moofafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/crop-rotation.png

Planting the same crop in the same field every year takes the same nutrients out of the soil every year. http://farm3.staticflickr.com/2636/3703600484_bcea1c578a_z.jpg http://ts4.mm.bing.net/th?id=H.5054194074518695&pid=15.1

Crop rotation fixes that, since you rotate your planting – different crops in different fields – each year. 2 3 4 1 http://www.dkimages.com/discover/Projects/JH825/previews/20221980.JPG

15. crop rotation: planting different crops in different years to keep the soil arable http://www.bestgardening.com/bgc/images/rotation4year01.gif

Sahel & North Africa vocabulary export import developed developing landlocked subsistence farming drought erosion Sahel arable overgraze slash-and-burn desertification reforestation crop rotation

Sahel Write a paragraph to explain the Sahel. Be sure to use the following terms in your paragraph. drought erosion arable overgraze slash-and-burn desertification reforestation