Remarkable Functional Convergence: Alarmone ppGpp Mediates Persistence by Activating Type I and II Toxin-Antitoxins  Kenn Gerdes, Etienne Maisonneuve  Molecular Cell  Volume 59, Issue 1, Pages 1-3 (July 2015) DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2015.06.019 Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Model Explaining How ppGpp Controls Persistence by Inducing Toxins Encoded by Type I and II TA Modules in E. coli Gray connectors symbolize experimentally verified connections (↓ indicates stimulation and ⊥ indicates inhibition). The left part shows the regulatory cascade in which ppGpp and Obg induces hokB. In turn, accumulation of HokB leads to membrane depolarization and persistence. A question mark indicates that it is not yet known how ppGpp and Obg play together to activate HokB. The right part shows how ppGpp controls persistence by inducing type II TA modules in a linear cascade involving polyphosphate (PolyP) and Lon protease as described in the text. Molecular Cell 2015 59, 1-3DOI: (10.1016/j.molcel.2015.06.019) Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions