Yao-Hua Zhang, Weiwen Guo, Richard L

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DAX1 Mutations Map to Putative Structural Domains in a Deduced Three-Dimensional Model Yao-Hua Zhang, Weiwen Guo, Richard L. Wagner, Bing-Ling Huang, Linda McCabe, Eric Vilain, Thomas P. Burris, Kwame Anyane- Yeboa, Arthur H.M. Burghes, David Chitayat, Albert E. Chudley, Myron Genel, Joseph M. Gertner, Georgeanna J. Klingensmith, Steven N. Levine, Jon Nakamoto, Maria I. New, Roberta A. Pagon, John G. Pappas, Charmian A. Quigley, Ira M. Rosenthal, John D. Baxter, Robert J. Fletterick, Edward R.B. McCabe The American Journal of Human Genetics Volume 62, Issue 4, Pages 855-864 (April 1998) DOI: 10.1086/301782 Copyright © 1998 The American Society of Human Genetics Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Family with frameshift mutation 16 (table 1) caused by 23-bp deletion, exhibiting gonadal mosaicism. Allele-specific oligonucleotide hybridization confirmed sequence results and showed that individual I-1, the mother of a carrier daughter (II-1) and an affected son (II-2), did not carry the mutant allele and, therefore, exhibited gonadal mosaicism. B = negative control; and N = normal individual. The American Journal of Human Genetics 1998 62, 855-864DOI: (10.1086/301782) Copyright © 1998 The American Society of Human Genetics Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Diagram showing positions of the frameshift, nonsense, and missense mutations and the single-codon deletion, in a model of the DAX1 protein. The frameshift and nonsense mutations are distributed throughout the molecule. The single–amino-acid alterations were found to be located only in the C-terminal half of the protein, representing the putative LBD. The American Journal of Human Genetics 1998 62, 855-864DOI: (10.1086/301782) Copyright © 1998 The American Society of Human Genetics Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Locations of single–amino-acid alterations, shown in a sequence alignment of Ahch and DAX1, compared with the related nuclear hormone receptors SHP, rTRα, and hRXRα. The missense mutations and single-codon in-frame deletion are shown above the comparison, in boldface, and the corresponding positions in each of the aligned proteins also are given in boldface. The positions of the helices discussed in the text are shown by dashed lines below the comparisons. The American Journal of Human Genetics 1998 62, 855-864DOI: (10.1086/301782) Copyright © 1998 The American Society of Human Genetics Terms and Conditions

Figure 4 Models of LBDs for rTRα and human DAX1, showing subdomain structure and the impact of DAX1 mutations on structure. A, Ribbon diagram of the rTRα isoform, as an example of a nuclear receptor LBD. The black, horizontal line shows the division of the receptor into two subdomains: the structural subdomain, containing the hydrophobic core of the LBD, is above the line, and the ligand-binding subdomain is below the line. Shown within the hydrophobic core are the highly conserved residues discussed in the text. The LBD sequence signature, (FW)AKxhxPxFxxLxxxDQxxLL (Wurtz et al. 1996), runs from H3 to H5–H6; in rTRα, the specific sequence is 232-FAKKLPMFSELPCEDQIILL-251. The conserved charge pair between H9 and H11 also is shown; in rTRα, the specific residues are E315 and H358. B, Model of hydrophobic core of the human DAX1 LBD, consisting of residues V253–E307 and V358–I470. The sites of the single–amino-acid alterations, in the LBD, causing AHC are labeled. The American Journal of Human Genetics 1998 62, 855-864DOI: (10.1086/301782) Copyright © 1998 The American Society of Human Genetics Terms and Conditions