Bacteria

Eubacteria  (True Bacteria) Archaebacteria (Ancient) A. 2 types: Eubacteria  (True Bacteria) Archaebacteria (Ancient)

No membrane bound organelles B. Bacteria Features: Microscopic Prokaryotes No Nucleus No membrane bound organelles

More structures that all bacteria have: Cell wall Cell membrane Cytoplasm DNA

C. Bacteria Shapes Cocci  sphere Streptococci  chains of spheres Staphylococci  clusters of spheres

More Shapes Bacilli  Rod Shaped Spirilla  Spiral or curly

Bacteria Structures

D. Harsh conditions survived through: Capsules  slime layers that help bacteria evade immune system Endospores dormant structure

E. Movement: Flagella  long whiplike structure (few) Cillia  short hair like structures (many)

F. Reproduction 1.)Binary Fission  asexual reproduction; bacteria duplicates into two 2.)Conjugation  sexual reproduction by using pili Pili = hair like projections that help exchange DNA

3.) Cultures When humans aid bacterial growth Bacteria are grown in petri dishes on agar – a nutrient broth Helps scientists determine the type of bacteria that is growing in an area

G. Antibiotics History 1st to discover antibiotics??? Alexander Fleming PENICILLIN HOW?? By accident with bread and fungi

Nobel Prize Later Howard Flory received the Nobel Prize for Penicillin

Antiseptics Antibiotics Kills or inhibits bacterial growth Applied directly to skin Exs: Neosporin, Alcohol Drugs taken orally that kill BACTERIAL INFECTIONS Exs: Amoxicillin, Pennicilin, Zithromax,

Virus

General Facts No Kingdom Non-living Has DNA /RNA No Cells

A. Structure Made up of nucleic acids Either DNA or RNA

Structure (cont’d) Capsid – protein coating surrounding the nucleic acid Ex. Stomach Virus, Naked Envelope: made of lipids and is outside of the capsid EX. HIV, Flu, Chicken Pox

B. Intracellular Parasites Obligate Intracellular parasite Goes into a cell, replicates, and kills host RNA Viruses known as Retrovirus THE WORST Retroviruses have reverse transcriptase: when RNA begins making DNA and then replicates and mutates

What kind of host cell? C. Replication of Virus Bacteriophage – virus that infect bacteria and is virulent (fast acting) Ex. Stomach flu What kind of host cell?

Bacteriophage

Reproduction (cont’d) Lytic Cycle – virulent; makes new virus quickly Lysogenic Cycle –temperate or dormant stage; incubates until conditions are tolerable Ex. Herpes, HIV

D. Subcellular Particles Not viruses Viroids – smallest particle to replicate, has no capsid, and affects plants Ex. Potato Blight, Orange Blight

D. Subcellular Particles Prions – an abnormal form of protein that infects animals Ex. Scrapie, BSE (mad cow disease), Kuru

Full words of Abbreviations Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE Escherichia coli