Classification History
Classification History Taxonomy: Branch of biology that groups all life according to their characteristics and history All life on earth is placed into 1 of 6 kingdoms: Bacteria Archaea Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Classification History prokaryotes eukaryotes
Classification is always a work in progress Where did it all start? Classification is always a work in progress Until 1866: only two kingdoms, Animalia and Plantae Animalia Plantae 1866: all single-celled organisms moved to kingdom Protista Protista 1938: prokaryotes moved to kingdom Monera Fungi Monera Archaea Bacteria 1959: fungi moved to own kingdom 1977: kingdom Monera split into kingdoms Bacteria and Archaea
The 6 kingdoms are classified into domains Domains are above the kingdom level Domain model more clearly shows prokaryotic diversity The three domains in the tree of life are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. From here, we will focus on the kingdoms, but don’t forget about the DOMAINS!
Developed classification system based on physical features Many rules still used today Binomial Nomenclature: System of giving every organism 2 names 1st word: Genus (broad) 2nd word: Species (specific) Example: House cat Genus: Felis Species: catus Carolus Linnaeus Felis catus
Is a coyote really called Eatius birdius? Developed classification system based on physical features Many rules still used today Binomial Nomenclature: System of giving every organism 2 names 1st word: Genus (broad) 2nd word: Species (specific) Example: House cat Genus: Felis Species: catus Carolus Linnaeus Is a coyote really called Eatius birdius?
Developed classification system based on physical features Many rules still used today Binomial Nomenclature: System of giving every organism 2 names 1st word: Genus (broad) 2nd word: Species (specific) Example: House cat Genus: Felis Species: catus Carolus Linnaeus Canis latrans
Is a roadrunner really called Acceleratti incredibilis? Developed classification system based on physical features Many rules still used today Binomial Nomenclature: System of giving every organism 2 names 1st word: Genus (broad) 2nd word: Species (specific) Example: House cat Genus: Felis Species: catus Carolus Linnaeus Is a roadrunner really called Acceleratti incredibilis?
Geococcyx californianus Developed classification system based on physical features Many rules still used today Binomial Nomenclature: System of giving every organism 2 names 1st word: Genus (broad) 2nd word: Species (specific) Example: House cat Genus: Felis Species: catus Carolus Linnaeus Geococcyx californianus
Binomial Format Canis lupis Tyto alba Quercus alba When Writing: Genus Capitalized species lowercase Underlined entirely Ex: Homo sapiens When Typing: Same, except use italics (instead of underlining) Canis lupis Tyto alba Quercus alba
Why not use common names? Common names can be misleading Are sea horses really horses?
Why not use common names? Common names can be misleading Are jellyfish made of jelly? Are jellyfish even fish?
Why not use common names? Common names can be misleading Are sea cucumbers edible fruit?
Why not use common names? Common names vary from region to region Robin Robin United States England Problem: They are two different species.
Why not use common names? Common names vary from region to region Cougar Puma Mountain lion Problem: Cougars, pumas, and mountain lions are the same species. They are just called different names in different parts of the world. Solution: A scientist would simply call these Puma concolor regardless of where they lived.
Taxa Defined: A group of organisms in a classification system. 7 individual levels (taxa) used to classify organisms Kingdom (broadest) Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species (specific) Allows relationships to be clearly seen Taxa Kings Play Chess On Fine Glass Surfaces
Kingdom Phylum Cheetah Classification Class Order Family Genus Species
Red Wolf Classification Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Human Classification Genus Species
Killer whale classification Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
The more levels in common...the more related the species.
Quick Question: Which two organisms are most related to one another? Killer Whale K = Animals P = Chordata C = Mammals O = Cetacea F = Delphinidae G = Orcinus S = orca Red Wolf K = Animals P = Chordata C = Mammals O = Carnivora F = Canidae G = Canis S = vulpes Polar Bear K = Animals P = Chordata C = Mammals O = Carnivora F = Ursidae G = Ursus S = arctos
Using a dichotomous key What is this item?
Using a dichotomous key What is this item?
Review Who created the classification system used today What is it based on? Name the 6 kingdoms of life. Which kingdom(s) are prokaryotic? Which kingdom(s) may be unicellular? Which kingdom(s) are bacteria? Which two taxa make up an organism’s binomial name? What happened to kingdom Monera? Place the 7 levels of taxonomy in order from largest to smallest. Name the 7 human taxa, from largest to smallest.