Quantum Theory

Werner Heisenberg Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle You cannot know the location and velocity of an electron (or any other particle) at any given time Electrons are located using photons Because they are about the same size, the photon knocks the electron off course.

Schrödinger Created equation that treated electrons as waves Only worked for waves of certain frequencies Showed quantization Schrödinger and Heisenberg basis of Quantum Theory

Where are electrons?

Quantum Numbers Describe the properties of orbitals and electrons around the nucleus Kind of like an address for where and in what state you are likely to find electrons There are 4 quantum numbers

Principle Quantum Number Symbol = n Gives the main energy level 1-7 Lower numbers closer to nucleus

Angular Momentum Number Symbol = l Gives the shape of the sublevel s,p,d,f s= 1 orbital p = 3 orbitals d = 5 orbitals f = 7orbitals

Magnetic Quantum Number Symbol = m Gives the orientation around the nucleus Indicates which orbital

Spin Number If 2 electrons in the same orbital spin in the same direction, they will create a magnetic field So electrons sharing an orbital must spin in opposite directions Spin number shows which direction each is spinning

Electron configurations

Rules Aufbau principle- fill from lowest energy to highest energy Hunds Rule- place 1 electron in all orbitals of equal energy before putting 2 electrons in any 1 orbital Paulie Exclusion Principle - 2 electrons sharing an orbital must spin in opposite directions

Energy Diagrams

Examples