Term Review Sec 3Applied Term 1

Concepts covered so far… History of Life on Earth Conditions of life Cells Main Components Mitosis / Meiosis Nutrition Type of nutrients and their function Energy value Digestion Anatomy Physiology Technical Drawing Isometric Orthogonal

Life on Earth

The Right Conditions We have life on our planet because of many factors. Following are what scientists belief are factors conducive to life: Planet in the habitable zone Has a circular orbit Has a hard crust Is big enough (keep atmosphere) Liquid water

Cells the beginning of complex Life

Cells A cell is the smallest building block of life It contains at least: Nucleus Brain of the cell Contains all the DNA and genetic material Cytoplasm Liquid that allows nutrients to travel within the cell Cellular Membrane Semi-permeable layer that protects the cell

Cellular division 1.Mitosis 2.Meiosis Allows for the creation of two genetically identical somatic cells starting from 1 parent cell Used for growth and regeneration of tissues Some cells cannot reproduce in such a way 2.Meiosis Allows for the creation of 4 haploid cells (1/2 the genetic material). These will be genetically different from the parent cell. Produces sex cells

Mitosis Start with a parent cell The parent cell doubles the genetic material (DNA) The nucleus splits into two with the same genetic material The cell splits into two with the same genetic material We have to genetically identical cells.

Meiosis Mitosis occurs 2 identical cells are created Each of these cells then splits into 2 (without replicating the DNA) We have now 4 cells with ½ the amount of DNA as the parent cell

Mitosis vs. Meiosis Mitosis Meiosis Types of cells obtained Somatic cells Sex cells Function Repair and growth of tissues Reproduction Number of daughter cells 2 4 Amount of DNA in daughter cells 2n (diploids) n (haploids)

Nutrition and digestion

Nutrients Energy giving nutrients Regulating nutrients Carbohydrates Lipids (fats) Proteins Regulating nutrients Vitamins and Minerals Water Fiber *

Nutrients Energy giving nutrients Carbohydrates 1st Energy Source Carbs are broken down into glucose E.g. bread, pasta Glucose = Sugar * 1g of carbs = 17kJ

Nutrients Energy giving nutrients Lipids = fats Lipids 2nd Energy Source Lipids are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids E.g. butter, cream Lipids = fats * 1 g of lipids = 37 kJ

Nutrients Energy giving nutrients Proteins Emergency Energy Source Main function build and repair tissues Proteins are broken down into amino acids E.g. meat, nuts, tofu * 1 g of protein = 17 kJ

Topic 1: The Digestive System Nutrients Anatomy The digestive tract Sites of Absorption Physiology

Anatomy The digestive system: The digestive tract Path the food takes The digestive glands Where chemicals that help in the breakdown of food comes from Glands = organs that secrete an enzyme (chemical)

Anatomy The Mouth The digestive tract The Pharynx The Esophagus The Stomach Small Intestine Large Intestine

Anatomy The Pharynx The digestive tract The Mouth The Pharynx The Esophagus The Stomach Small Intestine Large Intestine Shared by the respiratory system and the digestive system

Anatomy The Esophagus The digestive tract The Mouth The Pharynx The Stomach Small Intestine Large Intestine PERISTALSIS: muscle contractions that push food through the digestive tract

Anatomy The Stomach The digestive tract The Mouth The Pharynx The Esophagus The Stomach Small Intestine Large Intestine *Churning: action of the stomach to mix the food with the gastric juices

Anatomy Small Intestine The digestive tract The Mouth The Pharynx The Esophagus The Stomach Small Intestine Large Intestine *Peristalsis *Site where nutrients are absorbed

Anatomy Large Intestine The digestive tract The Mouth The Pharynx The Esophagus The Stomach Small Intestine Large Intestine

Anatomy The digestive glands Salivary glands (Saliva or Amylase) Gastric Glands (Stomach acid) Intestinal Glands (Intestinal juices) Pancreas (Insulin) Liver (Bile) *1st chemical transformation occurs in the mouth with amylase *Most of the “digestion” occurs in the small intestine

Topic 1: The Digestive System Nutrients Anatomy Physiology How does the system work

Physiology Mmmm!! Burger

Physiology During the digestion process your food undergoes mechanical and chemical transformations Mechanical Transformation: same thing only smaller or mixed Chemical Transformation:break down of complex molecules into less complex molecules

Examples of Mechanical Transformations The Mouth – Chewing The Stomach and small intestine- Churning Mixing food with the secretions of the digestive glands Peristalsis is also a mechanical transformation

Sites of Chemical Transformations Results from the substances secreted from the digestive glands

Digestive Gland Secretions Location Targets Salivary glands Saliva Mouth Starch (complex carbohydrate) Gastric Gland Gastric Juices Stomach Proteins Intestinal glands Intestinal juices Small intestine Proteins, carbs, lipids Pancreas Pancreatic juices Small Intestine

Absorption of nutrients The process that moves nutrients (chemically broken down food) through the lining of the digestive tract and into the blood stream. Mostly, food is absorbed in the small intestine via Villi.

What is a Villi? Folds in the intestine Increases surface area

Physiology Mmmm!! Burger

Technical Drawings

Orthogonal Shows three sides of an object (Top, Front, Side) Do not forget to include hidden lines

Isometric Drawing done of dot paper View point is diagonal