Word Formation

AUMENTO NO NÚMERO DE LETRAS: Compounding: junção de palavras (sem perda de letras) Home + work  Homework; Hard + ware  hardware; Blue + Tooth  Bluetooth. Affixation (prefixes/suffixes): Prefixation: acréscimo de partículas na frente (prefixos) ou Sufixation: acréscimo de partículas atrás da palavra Prefixation: do  undo Sufixation: brief  briefly Prefixation and Sufixation: comfort  uncomfortably

DIMINUIÇÃO NO NÚMERO DE LETRAS: Clipping: redução da palavra (informal) Gasoline  gas; Veterinarian  Vet; Doctor  doc Blends: junção de palavras (com perda de letras) Motor + hotel  Motel; Breakfast + lunch  Brunch Acronyms: são as siglas World wide web  WWW; Thanks God It’s Friday  TGIF; Throw back thrusday  TBT; Laughing Out Loud;  LOL. Backformation: redução da palavra com o tempo de 1 a 4 letras. Editor  Edit; Television  Televise.

NÃO AUMENTA E NEM DIMINUI O NÚMERO DE LETRAS: Conversion: mudança de classes grammatical butter (N)  to butter the bread (V); permit (V)  an entry permit (N) Eponyms: palavras derivadas de nomes próprios Boycott  Charles C. Boycott; Cardigan  James Thomas Brudnell, 7th Earl of Cardigan; Narcissistic  Narcissus Coinage: é uma palavra nova criada (sem ter vindo de nenhuma outra) Yahoo, google, nylon, skype, etc. Borrowing: empréstimo de outras línguas Dipomat  French; Guitar  Spanish; Muffin  German; Papikra  Hungarian; Umbrella  Italian; Chocolate  Brazilian

Types of Pronouns

Seven Types of Pronouns Personal Possessive Reflexive Relative Demonstrative Indefinite Interrogative

Uses and differences of the Pronouns I can do this alone. Give me this paper, please.  You knew what to do. Mariane called you yesterday morning. He can handle this. Pass these folders to him and you’ll see.  Mary gave her daughter a tricycle. She was happy. She send us some e-mails.  The teacher gave them a poor grade.  

I bought a very nice car. My car is black, what about yours? Your new apartment is by the sea and hers is by the lake. Our team didn’t win but theirs is still on top of the Champion league. Can you please lend your cell phone for a minute? Mine is out of battery. Its e his não mudam.

I will do it myself. Paul wants to kill himself. Mary wrote herself a book. We can handle this ourselves. Why would you hurt yourself like this? Bob and John shot themselves. The cat links itself. by + reflexive tem ideia de sozinho/a (sem ajuda) I don’t want to live all by myself. She decided to travel by herself. They planned to visit India by themselves.

RELATIVE Pronouns The man who works next block lives in Manhattan. Be careful! There's the man that ran towards my sister last week. This is George, whose brother went to school with me. I had an uncle in Germany, from whom I inherited a bit of money. Who – subject Whom – object Whose – possession That – people and things

RELATIVE Pronouns

DEMONSTRATIVE Pronouns

INDEFINITE Pronouns Take the place of things The Indefinite Pronouns: Another, all, any, anybody, anyone, anything, both, each, either, enough, everybody, everyone, everything, few, fewer, less, little, many, more, most, much, neither, none, nothing, one, other, others, several, some, somebody, someone, something, such Example Office Ramirez heard something moving behind the dumpster.

INDEFINITE Pronouns Take the place of things The Interrogative Pronouns: Who, whom, what, which, whose Example What’s inside of that treasure chest?

reference

That’s not my wife I’m just a junior detective. I don’t know much, but I know the area around Hollywood Road, the hilly Hong Kong street that runs down to Connaught Road. Strange things turn up in that half-kilometer area crammed with antiques stores, coffee shops and tourist dives. I – refere-se ao autor do texto, junior detective; That – refere-se a rua That – refere-se a half-kilometer area

That’s not my wife Right now, I am looking at this hwa-chiao, a Chinese-American tourist at the station house who’s bitching at Inspector Chan. Mr. Wu claims he’s an important visitor, but I think he’s FOB — fresh off the boat Chinese. He’s shaking his finger and saying, “I report my wife Mei-Yuan has disappeared, then I came back to find an imposter in my hotel room, not even a good duplicate.” I – detective he’s – tourist, Mr. Wu This – tourist his – tourist, Mr. Wu Who’s – tourist I, my – Mr. Wu

That’s not my wife Of course, from his mouth it comes out like “fucking imposter” and “goddamn duplicate.” Most bad guys use bad language to show their sincerity. This guy Wu is the slickest bad boy I’ve seen and I have seen a lot of them, from Guangzhou to Macao. His missing tài tai was Shanghainese and one of the richest women around. His – Mr. Wu This – guy It – the sentence I’ve e I – The detective Their, them – bad guys One – women