Warm-Up What are cells? What do they do that is important for life?

Warm-Up How are eukaryotes different than prokaryotes Warm-Up How are eukaryotes different than prokaryotes? Include cell complexity and size. Pass them to the front

Structure and Function Cells Structure and Function Wake County Biology Curriculum current.com

Cell Theory All living things are composed of cells. The cell is the most basic unit of life. All cells come from pre-existing cells.

Prokaryotes: Most primitive cell Bacteria: do not have a nuclei or other membrane bound organelles; DNA is contained within the cytoplasm Some bacteria have a capsule which is a surface layer that helps them stick to each other and surfaces eapbiofield.wikispaces.com

Bacteria have a cell wall, cell membrane, ribosomes, and DNA in the cytoplasm (no nucleus).

Bacteria, or prokaryotes, have no membrane-bound organelles.

A plasmid is a circular molecule One organelle unique to prokaryotes is a molecule of DNA called a plasmid. A plasmid is a circular molecule www.malebolge.net16.net

However, eukaryotes have many membrane-bound organelles.

Eukaryotes Unicellular or multi-cellular organism that contains membrane-bound organelles and genetic material within a nucleus All organisms but bacteria Includes protists, fungi, animals, and plants

Eukaryotes Many of the membrane-bound organelles following are found in eukaryotes only

Parts of the Cell Cell wall: A tough covering made of cellulose that adds structure and protection to a cell Located outside the cell membrane In plants, bacteria, protists, and fungi only (not animals) biology.unm.edu

Parts of the Cell Cell membrane: Semi-permeable outer layer of all cells Lets selected substances into the cell, such as food and water, and other substances out of the cell, such as wastes. All cells have a membrane. Cell membrane www.harweb.com

Phospholipid Bilayer Membrane

Parts of the Cell Nucleus: Only in eukaryotes; Contains the DNA of the eukaryotic cell so is called the “control center” of the cell. Enclosed in a membrane. www.cartage.org.lb

Parts of the Cell Nucleus Contains DNA DNA is in the form of chromatin When cells begin mitosis, DNA coils into structures called chromosomes DNA carries all the genes needed to make and control the cell

Parts of the Cell Nuclear envelope: membrane surrounding the nucleus that allows important molecules in and out of the nucleus Chromatin: DNA that has unwound from chromosome form into long strings

Parts of the Cell Ribosomes: small organelles that make proteins; Made of RNA; they get their information directly from the nucleus; some attached to the endoplasmic reticulum and some are free free ribosome www.bcscience.com www.cartage.org.lb

Parts of the Cell Endoplasmic reticulum (ER): folded membrane (so only in eukaryotes) within the cell that transports proteins and other chemicals throughout the cell; surrounds the nucleus to get information from DNA www.ccs.k12.in.us Rough ER has ribosomes attached that make proteins on the membrane. Smooth ER has no ribosomes so other chemicals are produced on the membrane

Parts of the Cell Golgi body (apparatus): folded membranes (so found only in eukaryotes) that package chemicals, including proteins, that the cell produces and then ships outside the cell.

Parts of the Cell Mitochondria: organelles that use sugar to produce energy for the cell; know as the “power house” of the cell Folded membranes hrsbstaff.ednet.ns.ca

The folded membranes increase surface area on which chemical reactions may occur.

Parts of the Cell Chloroplast: organelles that contain chlorophyll and the process of photosynthesis Chlorophyll: the green pigment that is necessary for photosynthesis biology.unm.edu Folded membranes

Parts of the Cell Vacuole: membrane-bound organelle that contains water, wastes, and other fluids in cells; large vacuole in plant cell helps cell keep its shape Vacuole  Animal cell www.science-art.com Plant cell en.wikipedia.org

Parts of the Cell Lysosome: membrane-bound organelles that contain digestive enzymes; digest food particles and other substances publications.nigms.nih.gov

Parts of the Cell Cytoplasm: a fluid that is contained in a cell and surrounds the cell’s organelles cytoplasm coolcell.blogspot.com

In multicellular organisms, cell structure is connected to function In multicellular organisms, cell structure is connected to function. Every cell is made to do a specific job and has to be put together in a specific way to do that job.

Even though every cell in a multicellular organism has the exact same set of DNA, different cells are structurally different to do different jobs.

Morphology: the study of form and function of living things. l

Different cells may have different numbers and arrangements of organelles depending on what types of jobs the cells are responsible for.

Hierarchy of Life Atoms make molecules www.emc.maricopa.edu

Hierarchy of Life Molecules make compounds

Compounds to organelles Hierarchy of Life Compounds to organelles

Hierarchy of Life Organelles to Cells

Hierarchy of Life Cells to tissues hrsbstaff.ednet.ns.ca

Hierarchy of Life Tissues to organs www.robinsonlibrary.com

Organs to organs systems biologyjunction.com

Organ systems to organism Hierarchy of Life Organ systems to organism www.mesto-votice.cz

Organisms to populations Hierarchy of Life Organisms to populations

Populations to communities Hierarchy of Life Populations to communities pixdaus.com 45

Hierarchy of Life Communities to ecosystem (biome) schools.bcsd.com www.brazadv.com 46

Hierarchy of Life Ecosystems to biosphere 47 47

image.wistatutor.com

Answer the review questions at the end of the notes Answer the review questions at the end of the notes. You may work within your groups.