Jan. 4, 2019 You need: Clean paper (2) / pencil Warm Up:(Write on notebook paper) We’ve learned about clouds. What do you call a cloud in the upper portion of the sky? Middle portion? Lower portion? I CAN: review our atmospheric lessons and begin learning about storms.

Forces/motion/energy #11 #11 #11 NCFE Weather/atmosphere Human body Genetics #11 Cells/protists Cells/protists Math Benchmark Reading Benchmark Forces/motion/energy #11 #11 #11 NCFE Must review: human body systems, genetics, cells, protists, forces/motion, forces/energy, atmosphere/weather, human impact. NCFE Sci Final grades! 2nd semester

Demo – hand-warmer Explain the hand-warmer demo Ms.Garris showed.

Mixture of Gases in Air All Other Gases Argon = 0.93% Carbon Dioxide = 0.04%

Earth’s atmosphere makes conditions on Earth suitable for living things: It traps energy from the sun keeping the Earth warm. The heat also keeps water in liquid form (good for life) It protects Earth from dangerous radiation and meteor collisions.

Let’s make a model! Write the notes ONTO the correct layer. Add color to the layers and the pictures. Cut out the layers and the pictures. Assemble on your notebook paper. **Be careful to place them low enough on the page so that they don’t stick out of the top of your binder!!**

Air pressure Air pressure – the result of weight of a column of air pushing down on an area, measured by an instrument known as a barometer. Barometer = Air pressure

Air Pressure at Different Altitudes Magic Balloon: If I want it to be bigger, should I take it to the mountains or the beach? Mountains (High altitude) Sea Level (Low altitude)

HEAT TRANSFER

UNEVEN HEATING The uneven heating of the air that causes wind is created not only by different colors on Earth’s surface, but also by: Different surfaces (grass vs. snow vs. water, etc.) Pollution in some areas Different amounts of sunlight due to seasons, clouds, etc.

So the wind in the daytime blows TOWARD the beach. WARMER COOLER

So the wind blows toward the ocean at night. COOLER WARMER

Climate vs Weather Global vs Local winds LARGE scale = overall pattern, trend small scale = daily, weekly, small times Global vs Local winds LARGE scale = Over the entire Earth small scale = tiny area…usually land beside water.

Global winds 1 2 3 4 5 Polar easterlies Prevailing westerlies Horse latitudes 4 Trade winds 5 Equator / Doldrums

United States of America

Coriolis Effect – the effect on the air caused by the rotation of the earth.

Water in the Atmosphere

Earth is called the “Water Planet” 71% of the earth’s surface is covered by water. Water is essential for LIFE on earth.

Water Cycle The movement of water between the atmosphere and earth’s surface is the water cycle.

How does water get into the air? EVAPORATION – is the process where liquid water molecules escape into the air as water vapor. 3 things affect how quickly water evaporates: 1) Temperature 2) Wind 3) Humidity of the air

How much water can air hold? HUMIDITY is the measure of how much water vapor is in the air. TEMPERATURE affects how much water vapor the air can hold… Warm Air Cold Air holds MORE water vapor. holds LESS water vapor. That’s why air feels more “HUMID” on hot days!

What is the “Dew Point”? As air cools, the amount of water vapor it can hold decreases. At a certain temperature, the water vapor in the air will CONDENSE back into water droplets or ice. This temperature is the “DEW POINT”.

Air Masses & Fronts

What is an AIR MASS? WARM COLD WET DRY An air mass is a huge body of air that influences weather. Scientists classify air masses based on: TEMPERATURE and HUMIDITY WARM COLD WET DRY

How are Air Masses named? WET DRY MARITIME TROPICAL CONTINENTAL TROPICAL WARM MARITIME POLAR CONTINENTAL POLAR COLD

North American Air Masses MARITIME POLAR CONTINENTAL POLAR MARITIME POLAR MARITIME TROPICAL MARITIME TROPICAL CONTINENTAL TROPICAL

How do these air masses move? MARITIME POLAR CONTINENTAL POLAR MARITIME POLAR Jet Stream That’s why weather generally moves WEST to EAST in the U.S. Jet Stream Prevailing Westerlies Prevailing Westerlies MARITIME TROPICAL MARITIME TROPICAL CONTINENTAL TROPICAL

What happens when air masses meet? Air masses don’t mix easily. The line between air masses is called a front.

COLD FRONTS

WARM FRONTS

Compare/Contrast Chart - Types of Fronts How it Forms Type of Weather Cold A fast-moving cold air mass overtakes a warm air mass. Clouds form. If warm air is humid, rain/snow may fall. Possible thunderstorms. Warm Front A warm air mass overtakes a slow-moving cold air mass. Scattered clouds. Light rain or snow. May last several days. Stationary Front Cold and warm air meet, but neither can move the other. Creates “standoff” Rain, snow, clouds, or fog that may last for days. Occluded Front A warm air mass is caught between 2 cooler air masses. Warm air mass is pushed up. Temperature gets cooler. Clouds and rain may form.

What are CLOUDS? They are made of tiny water droplets or ice crystals. They form when water condenses onto small particles in the air (like dust).

How TINY are the water droplets?

How do clouds form? 1) Warm, moist air rises and cools. 3) Water vapor condenses forming a cloud. 2) Air cools to dew point causing condensation. How do clouds form?

Clouds are NOT all the same…

Clouds are classified according to SHAPE Flat clouds = “Stratus” Fluffy clouds = “Cumulus” Wispy clouds = “Cirrus”

Clouds are also classified by ALTITUDE On your blue paper, draw the different types of clouds (using chalk and charcoal). *Use your textbook (pg. 111) and the cloud charts.* Label each type of cloud. Paste the paper into your science notebook. HIGH LEVEL (cirro-) MID LEVEL (alto-) LOW LEVEL (stratus)

Spot the cloud! Low and flat ….. STRATUS

Spot the cloud! Middle level, fluffy ….. Alto-Cumulus

Spot the cloud! High level, wispy ….. Cirrus

Spot the cloud! Rain bearing, storm clouds ….. Cumulo-Nimbus

Cloud model Color

Cut – on dotted lines (3 sides) Cloud model Cut – on dotted lines (3 sides) You are creating a FLAP!

Cloud model Trace boxes

Cloud model Cut / paste boxes

Cloud model Think / Share / COMPARE

Cloud model Glue…finally

Surface Map (Fronts & Precipitation) Warm Front H High Pressure Occluded Front L Low Pressure Cold Front Stationary Front

Temperature Map

Reading maps Isobar…lines connecting areas of similar BAR-ometric pressure. Isotherm…lines connecting areas of similar temperature.

H L What will happen to the weather in Little Rock? Which direction is the warm front moving? L H 12°C 19°C 14°C 20°C 25°C Tuesday Weather Little Rock, AR Clouds & Rain Warmer = 21°C Wednesday Weather Little Rock, AR Partly Sunny Warmer = 26°C Monday Weather Little Rock, AR Sun & clear skies Cool = 15°C 28°C 21°C 26°C 15°C 30°C Warm Front H High Pressure Occluded Front L Low Pressure Cold Front Stationary Front

Which direction is the cold front moving? What will happen to the weather in Nashville? 10°C 8°C 18°C 10°C 11°C Thursday Weather Nashville, TN Partly Sunny Warm = 20°C Saturday Weather Nashville, TN Sunny Cool = 10°C Friday Weather Nashville, TN Thunderstorms Cooler = 15°C 10°C 20°C 15°C Warm Front H High Pressure Occluded Front L Low Pressure Cold Front Stationary Front

Emergency ready? List 5 items that you would pack into an emergency kit for each situation (5 per kit): Hurricane - ? Blizzard - ? Flood - ?

Weather maps (CIBL) http://hint.fm/wind/

Weather map http://hint.fm/wind/gallery/oct-30.js.html.

Weather Station Model Why not write it out in a paragraph? How can we use symbols to help?

H A C Check the visual for Station # 1. Temp = A = 52 deg F Wind direction = WEST H A Wind speed = 20 knots Temp = A = 52 deg F C Dew Point = C = 46 deg F Barometric Pressure = H = 064 millibars

Please list the FIVE most important things to have in an emergency weather preparedness kit. What type of emergency weather? For myself or a larger group? For a few hours or for many days? What were the reasons for today’s delay? Let’s watch and see if we might have similar concerns to these Storm Stories. We watched the Storm Stories episode labeled “Ice Storm” which highlighted a tornado but then went to a different story of a Canadian ice storm. Students may note that the ice was FOUR inches thick – not snow, but ice. Would it help to have a car? What dangers were faced? Did you notice that after powerlines collapsed – it looked a bit like Puerto Rico did after the fall hurricane season? Where could they go if they left their houses? If they come to the United States, are we using our tax money to help? Did they pay tax money to us?

Weather Station Model Look on page 259 in your textbook. Find figure 15 (upper right) and copy it onto your paper. Copy symbols and what each means. Now turn to page 260 and look at the mini-lab (bottom). Copy the symbols and interpret the weather for each station. Why not write it out in a paragraph? How can we use symbols to help?

H A C Check the visual for Station # 1. Temp = A = 52 deg F Wind direction = WEST Wind speed = 20 knots C Temp = A = 52 deg F Dew Point = C = 46 deg F Barometric Pressure = H = 064 millibars

Hurricane Sandy 10/27/12- After sweeping across the Caribbean, causing at least 40 deaths in Cuba and Haiti, Hurricane Sandy is on a path toward the U.S. eastern coast. Currently projected to make landfall near Delaware early Tuesday, its 75-mph winds are already threatening the coast of North Carolina. Because it is expected to collide with two winter weather systems as it progresses inland, meteorologists are predicting that it will bring torrential rain, high winds and up to two feet of snow. After landfall, it could advance throughout New England and the mid-Atlantic states. Though it is impossible to be sure what will happen next, those who live on the Eastern seaboard should prepare for days without electricity. Extra food and water, plus emergency radios and spare batteries, should be on hand. http://hands.org/2012/10/27/hurricane-sandy/

STATS The hurricane caused tens of billions of dollars in damages; New York was most severely impacted due to damage to subways and roadway tunnels. West Virginia and Tennessee received nearly three feet of snow as a result of the storm. In New York and New Jersey, the storm surges were higher than 13 feet above the average low tide. At the height of the storm, more than 7.5 million people were without power. For some residents, power would not return for weeks. It is estimated that the storm caused $50 billion in losses, placing it among the worst disasters ever to hit the U.S. http://disasterphilanthropy.org/where/current-disasters/hurricane-sandy/

Video Footage Link for video footage is embedded. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YeutC1WN6dc

Hurricane names You have a list on your table… “Atlantic Names” These are names given to the storms that are “born” in the Atlantic Ocean. What patterns do you see? Print a list per table – see “weather station centers Garris touch” as it has a hurricane name list included (2017-2022)

What do we “do” with a storm? In the interest of information, we typically track a storm. Path – and therefore ability to warn Intensity – and again, ability to warn By tracking we can better understand and predict. We know WHO to warn and WHAT type of warning to give (evacuate or just “hunker down”)

What do we “do” with a storm? Tracking helps us to keep people safe, but it’s also helpful to analyze our reactions after the fact. If you have an emergency plan, more lives can be saved, recovery afterward is quicker. What if the plan doesn’t work? What if you don’t have a plan – wouldn’t analyzing reactions to previous storms help you to create an effective plan?

Hurricane Floyd Hit North Carolina September 1999 Hit about two weeks after Hurricane Dennis hit a similar path/area Flood waters were more damaging than wind speeds Let’s see the Storm Stories episode (disc 2)

Hurricane Dennis Hurricane Floyd TS and TD (up to 73) Sept.8, 1999 Cat 1 (74-95) Sept.16, 1999

Hurricane Katrina Hit New Orleans…which is below sea level August (23-31), 2005 Hit about six weeks after Hurricane Dennis (of 2005) Category 3…but was coming down from 5 Wind speeds of up to 175 mph BIGGEST damage was after the storm… Let’s see the Storm Stories episode (disc 5?)