The Byzantine Empire AD 330-1453 Chapter 11- Section 01

Geography: Byzantine Empire What continents did the Byzantine Empire extend to at its height in 565 AD? Africa, Europe, Asia What three empires are shown on the map and in what time periods? Seljuk 1100 AD; Kievan 1100 AD; Byzantine 565 AD Which two empires battled for control of the region known as Anatolia (modern-day Turkey)? Seljuk (Turks) vs. Byzantines

4) Describe the advantages of the Byzantine Empire’s location. - Mediterranean Sea for trade, travel, and Defense - Location is easy to defend. 5) During what centuries did the Seljuks and Byzantines battle for control of parts of the Middle East? - 11th and 12th Centuries AD 6) Based on the timeline, what happened to Christianity during the 11th century AD? - It split between Roman Catholic and Eastern (Greek) Orthodox

Timeline of the Byzantine Empire 330 AD Constantinople becomes the capital of the eastern Roman empire.

Timeline of the Byzantine Empire 527-565 Justinian reigns; Byzantine empire is at its peak

Timeline of the Byzantine Empire 532 Rioters during the “Nika Revolt” set fires that swept through Constantinople

Timeline of the Byzantine Empire 700s Byzantine emperor, Leo III, outlaws the worship of icons and fights off Muslim invaders

Timeline of the Byzantine Empire 1054 Great Schism splits the Church Greek Orthodox vs. Roman Catholic

Timeline of the Byzantine Empire 1090s Western Christians help Byzantine empire in the First Crusade Pope Urban II called on all Christians to reclaim the Holy Land

Timeline of the Byzantine Empire 1204 Crusaders attack Constantinople during the 4th Crusade

Timeline of the Byzantine Empire 1260s Byzantine emperor reclaims Constantinople

Timeline of the Byzantine Empire 1453 Ottoman Turks conquer Constantinople

Byzantine Empire 330-1453 AD Known as the “Eastern Roman Empire” The Term “Byzantine Empire” was invented by modern historians  Capital = Constantinople   Language = Greek   Religion = Christianity  

Justinian’s Reign (527-565) Aristocratic background Married a peasant - Theodora   Emperor after his Uncle’s Death (Justin I)   -Conside Mosaic of Justinian found at the San Vitale in Ravenna Italy.

Justinian’s Reign (527-565)   Considered a Saint in Eastern Orthodox Christianity   called the “Last Roman”   Procopius is the main historian of Justinian’s time  

Justinian’s Accomplishments 1. Justinian’s Code Uniform Law Code Consists of 4 main works Code - consolidated Roman laws into 5,000 Digest - guide of common law for Judges Institutes - intro/textbook for law students Novellae - new laws after 534 AD  

Justinian’s Accomplishments 2. Ended the Nika Revolt Citizens angry over punishment of chariot race rioters Some Senators wanted to overthrow Justinian Rioters yelled “Nika” (“Win”, “Conquer”) while burning and killing Theodora convinced Justinian to stay Military generals killed 30,000 rebels

Justinian’s Accomplishments 3. Added to the greatness of Constantinople strengthened city’s defenses rebuilt the city (after the Nika Revolt) enlarged his Palace

Hagia Sophia (Church of Holy Wisdom)

Hagia Sophia

Justinian’s Accomplishments Reunited the Eastern and Western Empires   General Belisarius led the re-conquests   Vandals in N. Africa; Ostrogoths in Italy

Christianity  Eastern (Greek) Orthodox Byzantine Religion Christianity  Eastern (Greek) Orthodox

Iconoclasm (730-843) Byzantine Emperor Leo III banned the use of Icons as “Idol Worship” may have been motivated by military defeats to the Muslims lasts over 100 years

”Great Schism” (1054) Schism = split Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church split Pope Leo IX and Patriarch Michael Cerularius excommunicated each other Excommunicate = declare someone an outcast from the church

Long Term Causes of the Great Schism (1) Disputes over Papal Authority (2) Filioque Clause (addition of “and the son”) (3) Cultural and Linguistic differences

Using your textbook, make a list of similarities and differences that still exist today between the two churches (pages 272-273) Roman Catholic Priests Cannot marry NO divorces Pope has ALL authority over priests, kings, people, etc. Services in Latin Similarities Jesus established seven sacraments Believe that holy communion is the most important sacrament both agree that priests are necessary Eastern Orthodox Priest can marry Patriarch and bishops share the power over church (Kings have more authority) Divorce is allowed sometimes Services in Greek, or the local language

Decline of the Byzantine Empire Justinian Plague (early Black Death) 40% of the population (10,000 per day)   Impacted taxes and defense

Decline of the Byzantine Empire Foreign threats North = Slavs, Avars, & Bulgars West = Lombards (“Longbeards”)   East = Persians   South = Arabs  (Muslims) created “Greek Fire” to hold off invasions starting in the 7th century

Greek Fire Incendiary weapon used by Byzantines Used in naval battles to burn ships Formula was state secret…now lost Shot through pressurized siphons or clay grenades

Decline of the Byzantine Empire Internal Fighting   Civil Wars from the “Theme System” Themes were similar to districts   Social Unrest

Decline of the Byzantine Empire Rise of Islam   Crusades Crusaders traveled through the Byzantine Empire.   Ottoman Empire

Byzantine Empire over time.