1 DRILL OF THE MONTH HYBRID VEHICLES

2 WHAT IS A HYBRID VEHICLE? Any vehicle which combines two or more sources of power. Examples: Diesel – electric Diesel – electric Nuclear – electric Nuclear – electric Gasoline - electric Gasoline - electric

3 HYBRID STRUCTURE The two power sources found in hybrid vehicles may be combined in different vehicles may be combined in different ways, either in parallel or series Either one will allow the gasoline engine to shut down when it is not needed.

4 PARALLEL HYBRID Gasoline motor Gasoline motor Batteries which powers an electric motor Batteries which powers an electric motor Both can power the transmission at the same time Both can power the transmission at the same time Electric motor supplements the gasoline engine Electric motor supplements the gasoline engine

5 SERIES HYBRID Gasoline motor turns a generator Gasoline motor turns a generator Generator may either charge the batteries or power an electric motor that drives the transmission Generator may either charge the batteries or power an electric motor that drives the transmission At low speeds is powered only by the electric motor At low speeds is powered only by the electric motor

6 HIGH VOLTAGE ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS Power for the electric motor is supplied by high-voltage nickel-metal hydride battery Power for the electric motor is supplied by high-voltage nickel-metal hydride battery Batteries for all hybrids are produced by Panasonic EV Energy in Japan Batteries for all hybrids are produced by Panasonic EV Energy in Japan Voltage ranges from 144 volts to 650 volts of DC current Voltage ranges from 144 volts to 650 volts of DC current

7 HIGH VOLTAGE ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS High voltage wiring may color coded orange, bright blue or even yellow High voltage wiring may color coded orange, bright blue or even yellow Batteries vary in design, however, all incorporate individual cells connected to one another Batteries vary in design, however, all incorporate individual cells connected to one another

8 HIGH VOLTAGE ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS

9 BATTERIES Individual cells originally contained liquid potassium hydroxide Individual cells originally contained liquid potassium hydroxide The liquid is almost totally absorbed by the paper membranes inside each cell of the battery The liquid is almost totally absorbed by the paper membranes inside each cell of the battery Because the liquid is absorbed these batteries are considered dry cell batteries Because the liquid is absorbed these batteries are considered dry cell batteries

10 BATTERIES

11 HIGH VOLTAGE ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS Batteries are usually located in the rear of the vehicle under the floor of the trunk or under the rear seat. Batteries are usually located in the rear of the vehicle under the floor of the trunk or under the rear seat. The wiring harness from the batteries usually runs below the floorpan of the vehicle about one foot in from the drivers side of the vehicle. The wiring harness from the batteries usually runs below the floorpan of the vehicle about one foot in from the drivers side of the vehicle.

12 HIGH VOLTAGE ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS

13 BATTERY RECHARGING The Ni-MH batteries are recharged through a process call regenerative braking The Ni-MH batteries are recharged through a process call regenerative braking Regenerative braking takes energy from the forward momentum of the vehicle and captures it while coasting or braking. Regenerative braking takes energy from the forward momentum of the vehicle and captures it while coasting or braking. Occasionally batteries are recharged by the electric motor Occasionally batteries are recharged by the electric motor

14 THE SILENT HYBRID Most gasoline engines in hybrids will shut off when not needed – i.e. when stopped in traffic Most gasoline engines in hybrids will shut off when not needed – i.e. when stopped in traffic Most hybrids have an indicator light which may alert individuals to the status of the vehicle Most hybrids have an indicator light which may alert individuals to the status of the vehicle

15 THE SILENT HYBRID When the vehicle is in this silent mode it may awaken without notice When the vehicle is in this silent mode it may awaken without notice Chocking the wheels is critical to responder safety Chocking the wheels is critical to responder safety

16 EMERGENCY PROCEDURES FIRES Vehicle fires can be handled following normal vehicle firefighting procedures Vehicle fires can be handled following normal vehicle firefighting procedures Crews should not be shocked, even if flames are impinging on the battery pack itself Crews should not be shocked, even if flames are impinging on the battery pack itself Virtually all fires involving Ni-MH batteries can be controlled with water Virtually all fires involving Ni-MH batteries can be controlled with water

17 EMERGENCY PROCEDURES Ni – MH BATTERY PACK PHYSICAL DAMAGE High-voltage circuits are color-coded either orange, bright blue or yellow High-voltage circuits are color-coded either orange, bright blue or yellow Never disassemble or remove the metal cover of the high-voltage battery pack Never disassemble or remove the metal cover of the high-voltage battery pack DC current is normally isolated from any contact with the vehicle itself – theoretically in order to receive a shock you would have to physically contact two separate points within the high- voltage system at the same time DC current is normally isolated from any contact with the vehicle itself – theoretically in order to receive a shock you would have to physically contact two separate points within the high- voltage system at the same time

18 EMERGENCY PROCEDURES Ni – MH BATTERY PACK PHYSICAL DAMAGE If the high-voltage cables running under the vehicle were damaged the high- voltage battery is designed short circuit. If the high-voltage cables running under the vehicle were damaged the high- voltage battery is designed short circuit. This short circuit would de-energize the entire high-voltage battery circuit This short circuit would de-energize the entire high-voltage battery circuit

19 HYBRID VEHICLES – CRASH PROCEDURES Hybrid vehicle identification Hybrid vehicle identification Vehicle stabilization Vehicle stabilization Access to the passenger compartment Access to the passenger compartment Shift gear selector lever (to park) Shift gear selector lever (to park) Turn the key OFF and remove it from the ignition Turn the key OFF and remove it from the ignition Check that the ready indicator light is out Check that the ready indicator light is out Disconnect the 12-volt battery. Disconnect the 12-volt battery.

20 HYBRID VEHICLES – OTHER CONSIDERATIONS A rear-end collision would destroy the most obvious hybrid vehicle logos A rear-end collision would destroy the most obvious hybrid vehicle logos Indicator light on the dash would help identify Indicator light on the dash would help identify Vented c-pillar on older hybrids Vented c-pillar on older hybrids Orange wiring under the hood Orange wiring under the hood If the high-voltage battery is severely damaged it should be considered a hazmat incident If the high-voltage battery is severely damaged it should be considered a hazmat incident This is not true, the total amount of liquid originally placed in the batteries is only around 6 oz.; this is almost totally absorbed by the paper membranes in the cells This is not true, the total amount of liquid originally placed in the batteries is only around 6 oz.; this is almost totally absorbed by the paper membranes in the cells

21 HYBRID VEHICLES – OTHER CONSIDERATIONS KEYLESS IGNITION SYSTEMS

22 KEYLESS IGNITION SYSTEMS Convenience of push button start Convenience of push button start Systems are designed to deter theft and break-ins Systems are designed to deter theft and break-ins Utilize key fobs which contain a chip with an ID code that the vehicle must recognize Utilize key fobs which contain a chip with an ID code that the vehicle must recognize The key fob must be in the vehicle in order for the car to start The key fob must be in the vehicle in order for the car to start

23 KEYLESS IGNITION SYSTEMS What do we do in an emergency? Place the vehicle in Park and press the start/stop or power button. Place the vehicle in Park and press the start/stop or power button. If possible remove the key fob from the interior of the vehicle – this may be difficult since it may be in a purse or pants pocket. This will prevent the car from being powered up if the low voltage system cannot be secured. If possible remove the key fob from the interior of the vehicle – this may be difficult since it may be in a purse or pants pocket. This will prevent the car from being powered up if the low voltage system cannot be secured. Disconnect the low voltage battery per department policy. Disconnect the low voltage battery per department policy.

24 COMMON MEANS OF IDENTIFICATION

25 COMMON MEANS OF IDENTIFICATION

26 COMMON MEANS OF IDENTIFICATION

27 WHOS MAKING HYBRIDS NOW? Honda Honda Accord Accord Civic Civic Insight Insight Toyota Toyota Prius Prius Camry Camry Highlander Highlander Ford Ford Escape Escape Mazda Mazda Tribute Tribute Saturn Saturn Vue Vue Lexus Lexus RX 400h SUV RX 400h SUV GS 450h GS 450h LS 600h L LS 600h L Mercury Mercury Mariner SUV Mariner SUV Dodge Dodge Ram – contractors edition Ram – contractors edition General Motors General Motors Silverado and Sierra Silverado and Sierra Malibu Malibu Tahoe/Yukon Tahoe/Yukon Nissan Nissan Altima Altima Versa Versa

28 WHATS IN STORE FOR THE FUTURE? Toyota Sienna minivan Toyota Sienna minivan Chrysler Aspen Chrysler Aspen Cadillac Escalade Cadillac Escalade Dodge Durango Dodge Durango Porsche Cayenne Porsche Cayenne BMW X6 BMW X6 Hyundai Accent Hyundai Accent Mercedes Benz S400 Mercedes Benz S400

29 SUMMARY Due to the proliferation of hybrid vehicles on the road today, responders must be familiar with how these vehicles operate, and how to handle an emergency which involves one of these vehicles. Additionally, responders must stay up-to- date with current vehicle technology, as it is continuously changing.