Learning Objective: To understand the terms of norms, intervention and geopolitics.

Human Rights Norms These are practises that have been established by countries and are now integrated into their culture and been accepted as the ‘NORM’. Common ‘Norms’ helped establish the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and many are protected by international laws. However, not all countries adhere to or recognise these ‘Norms’

Declaration: These are agreements which are often accepted but are not legally binding. Convention: An agreement between different states where the outcome is legally binding and part of international law. Signing a treaty: Signing shows an intent by a state to comply with the agreement. Ratifying a treaty: When a state consents to be legally bound to that treaty and creates legislation to enforce these laws.

Ratification of 18 International Human Rights Treaties

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A-icxE5qrNg

Describe the global pattern of IMR shown. Despite this treaty – there is still a significant global variation in the deaths of young children . Describe the global pattern of IMR shown. IMR in Mali = 106.5 IMR in Chad = 91.9 IMR in UK = 4.5 IMR in Italy = 3.3 IMR in Czech Rep = 3.7

Describe the relationship between child mortality and GDP/capita.

Suggest reasons why the right to life for infants is not upheld in many parts of the world.

If there is deemed to be a gross violation of Human rights – What next?

The options - How can they intervene? Military Force - Humanita rian Intervention – Permission given by UN Security Council – BUT IS CONTROVERSIAL 2) UN Peace keeping - Passive Approach aimed to calm situation 3) Political Intervention - economic sanctions

HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION “Intervention includes the use of military force by a state or group of states in a foreign territory in order to end gross violation of fundamental human rights of its citizens. This type of intervention in pursuit of humanitarian objectives is referred to as Humanitarian intervention.” “Humanitarian intervention takes place when human rights abuses are deemed a threat to intentional peace and security; in particular when there is a risk of conflict spreading to other states or an exodus of refugees that threatens political and economic stability in the region.

Paradox of humanitarian intervention (3mins)

When should an outside actor intervene in a country with human rights violation

A “Just” Forceful Intervention? Just War Doctrine: Competent Authority Just Cause Right Intention Proportionality of Response Principles of humanitarian intervention: Security Council? General Assembly? Regional organization? Halt human suffering Motive: humanitarian; “clean hands” Intervention or force employed commensurate with humanitarian objective

When and why should they act? War? Failure to meet Women's Rights? Torture? Applying the death penalty? Incarceration? Using child soldiers? Genocide? Slavery? Dictatorship?

Congo (1964) Cambodia (1978) Iraq (1992, 2003) Haiti (1984) Somalia (1992) Haiti (1994) Rwanda (1994) East Timor (1999) Kosovo (1994) Libya (2011)

The outcomes? Advantages Disadvantages Halts the human rights violations and injustices. Allows for political stability. Allows communities to re- establish themselves. Enables the country to develop (something impossible during conflicts). Reduces the exodus of refugees (those in other countries can return reducing burden there). Is it possible without civilians getting caught up in the fighting. Will it create more refugees? Is the outcome sustainable? Damage done to buildings, infrastructure, schools. Does it leads to further divide. Will it trigger more abuses? Are there ulterior motives?

UN Peace keeping Monitor, Protect, Promote and Empower the population If a mandate (signed permission to enter) is created the UN will rally its forces (troops – if needed and key workers). These come from all member states. Troops are passive and will not ignite a situation. Key workers aim to bring peace and empower those at risk as well as advising Governments, especially when they are weak. Monitor, Protect, Promote and Empower the population

Political Intervention Often used when human rights violations are more complex as agreement to act is more difficult. They often are in the form of economic sanctions which can be against countries, groups or individuals and are designed to coerce them into changing their stance on (in this case) Human Rights violations and/or regime change. Countries e.g. Iran & Cuba – Trade embargo (just lifted) Individuals and specific companies during the Crimea conflict.

GLOBAL GOVERNANCE Global governance of human rights is therefore complex and multi-faceted: it can involve direct physical intervention as well as the application of a growing number of human rights norms, laws and treaties or conventions, plus the work of civil society. Effective intervention depends on their interaction and co-ordination at different scales.