Language of Anatomy

Anatomical Position Surface Anatomy Axial Appendicular Body Landmarks What is it? Why do we use it? - Universally accepted standard position Surface Anatomy Body is divided into 2 sections: 1. Axial – central part of the body: head, neck, trunk = axis of body 2. Appendicular – extremities and/or limbs and attachments NOTE: Difference between “arm” and “forearm” and “thigh” and “leg” Body Landmarks: Broken down by anterior and posterior i.e. abdominal, acromial, femoral (pg 1-2 in lab manual)

Body Orientation and Direction Body Planes and Sections Body Orientation and Direction - terms are used to describe the location of body structures RELATIVE TO OTHER STRUCTURES Relative to anatomical position: Superior/Inferior (above/below) Anterior/Posterior (front/back) Medial/Lateral (towards the midline/Away from the midline Not relative to a particular body position: Cranial/caudal (towards the head/toward the tail) Dorsal/Ventral (backside/belly side) Proximal/Distal (nearer the trunk or attached end/farther from the trunk or point of attachment) – only apply to structures of the limbs Superficial/deep (toward or at the body surface/away from the body surface Body Planes and Sections - Sections allow for observation of internal structures (i.e. CAT scan) Planes – Sections (used for organs and tissues) Longitudinal (along axis) Cross Section – perpendicular to long axis

Body Cavities Ventral Dorsal Thoracic Cranial Abdominopelvic Vertebral Two main cavities Dorsal – posterior, two subdivisions; cavities are continuous cranial - brain vertebral – spinal cord Ventral – anterior, two subdivisions Thoracic (superior to diaphragm) - enclosed by ribs, sternum, vertebral column - subdivided into 3 smaller cavities pericardial (heart) 2 pleural (lungs) - Mediastinum is central area of thoracic cavity Abdominoplevic – inferior to diaphragm - Abdominal – stomach, intestines, liver, etc. - Pelvic – reproductive organs, bladder, rectum - non continuous in a straight line

Serous Membranes Quadrants Parietal Visceral Serous membranes - cover organs of ventral body cavity - Two layers - Visceral – covers external surface of organ - Parietal – attaches to and covers the ventral body wall - Membranes compartmentalize to prevent spread of infection - serous fluid between prevents friction - Named for cavities they surround: - pleural (lung) - pericardium (heart) - peritoneum (abdominal organs) i.e. peritonitis Quadrants – formed by transverse and sagittal planes through the umbilicus - used by clinicians to describe abnormalities or determining which organ may be causing pain - Right Upper, Left Upper, Right Lower, Left Lower

Regions Regions - describe the location of various organs (i.e. Tic-tac-toe grid) Note: prefixes and their definitions (front of text book), will use throughout class, good to recognize i.e. hypo – below, deficient (hypothyroid) epi - over, above (epidermis) chondr – cartilage

Other Body Cavities Oral Nasal Orbital Middle Ear Synovial Some cavities open to outside, others are closed. Oral – mouth – digestion Nasal – nose –respiratory Orbital – house eyes Middle ear – hearing Synovial – joints with fluid

Organ Systems Overview

Structural Organization Cell – the basic unit or building block of all living things Tissue – a group of cells that are similar in structure and function Organ – structure composed of two or more tissue types that performs a specific function for the body Organ System – a group of organs that act together to perform a particular body function Cells – basic unit/building block of all things, based on structure and function FORM FOLLOWS FUNCTION Tissue – group of cells similar in structure and function 4 categories epithelial muscular connective nervous Organ – structure composed of two or more tissue types that perform specific function for the body, i.e. small intestine Organ System – group of organs that act together to perform body function, i.e. digestive system

Homeostasis – maintenance of an optimal environment of the body Organ systems work together to provide body cells with an optimal environment. Maintenance of an optimal environment within limits is referred to as Homeostasis.

Organ Systems Cardiovascular Digestive Endocrine Integumentary Lymphatic/Immune Muscular Nervous Reproductive Respiratory Skeletal