Computer Evolution and Performance Chapter 2 Lecture 04 Faheem ahmed Lecturer, CNET Dept., Jazan University, Jazan KSA Computer Evolution and Performance

History and generation of computers

Generation of Computers First generation. Second generation. Third generation.

The First Generation: Vacuum Tubes The First Generation: Vacuum Tubes ENIAC The ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer), designed and constructed at the University of Pennsylvania, was the world’s first general purpose electronic digital computer. The project was a response to U.S. needs during World War II. Von neumaan machine is the example of first generation . Large in size Produce more heat Machine language was used Difficult to use. Magnetic tapes were used Book Page No 24

Vacuum tubes…

The Second Generation: Transistors The first major change in the electronic computer came with the replacement of the vacuum tube by the transistor. The transistor is smaller, cheaper and dissipates less heat. Easy to use. Assembly language is used. Magnetic disk used. Book Page No 25

Transistors

The Third Generation: Integrated Circuits A single, self-contained transistor is called a discrete component. Throughout the 1950s and early 1960s, electronic equipment was composed largely of discrete components—transistors, resistors, capacitors, and so on. These discrete components are then integrated at one place to create a single circuit called as integrated circuit that is IC Small and faster Remote login Book Page No 28

Integrated Circuits

Generations of computers

Generation of computers Vacuum tube – 1946-1957 Transistor – 1958-1964 Small & Medium scale integration – 1965-1977 Up to 100-3,000 devices on a chip Large scale integration - 1972-1977 3,000 - 100,000 devices on a chip Very large scale integration – 1978-1991 100,000 - 100,000,000 devices on a chip Ultra large scale integration – 1991- till now Over 100,000,000 devices on a chip Book Page No 26

Moore’s Law Number of transistors on a chip will double every year consequences of Moore's law: 1.Cost of a chip has remained almost unchanged 2.Shorter electrical paths, giving higher performance 3.Smaller size gives increased flexibility 4.Reduced power and cooling requirements Book Page No 30

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