Citation Styles: MLA, APA, CMS

MLA Modern Language Association Used in humanities courses Emphasis on authorship: Author’s name appears in physical text Author’s name appears first in Works Cited page entries

APA American Psychological Association Used in social science courses Emphasis on date created: Date of work appears in physical text Place immediately after author’s name on “References” page

CMS Chicago Manual of Style Two systems for citation: Notes and bibliography (NB) system Author-date (AD) system NB used in history courses; emphasis on source origins Numbers assigned to particular facts that link to footnote or endnote that provides bibliographic information

Footnote vs. Endnote Footnote: Endnote: Located at foot of page Easy to find; easy to gain information Affects the layout of the page Endnote: Located at end of chapter, volume, or entire work Reader must move back and forth between main text and footnotes Does not affect layout of page

MLA: All sources Author name. Title of source. (longer works italicized, “shorter works placed in quotation marks”) Title of container, (larger publication, website name) Other contributors, (Edited by, Translated by, Directed by, etc.) Version, (Edition; Volume = vol.) Number, (Issue = no.) Publisher, Publication date, Location. (URL or page numbers) Accessed date (day month year; time sensitive material)

APA: Books Author name. (Publication year). Title of source. Location of publication: Publisher. Retrieved from URL (if online)

APA: Periodicals Author name. (Publication year). Title of article (first word and proper nouns capitalized). Title of periodical (italicized), Volume number, Page number(s).

APA: Online sources Author name. (Publication date); [n.d.] if not given. Title of article or page title. Larger Publication title, volume or issue number. Retrieved from URL or DOI (serial number)

CMS: Books Author name. Title of source. Location of publication: Publisher, Publication date.

CMS: Periodicals Author name. “Article title.” Publication title. Issue information: Page numbers. Publication date. URL (if accessed online).

CMS: Online sources Author (and/or owner, sponsor) name. Title of document. URL or DOI. Accessed on date (if information is time sensitive).

Primary vs. Secondary Sources Immediate or firsthand account of a topic from people who hand direct connection with it. Historical and legal documents, eyewitness accounts, straight news stories by reporter who witnessed event, speeches, diaries, letters, results of experiments, statistical data, pieces of creative writing, art objects, photograph, audio and video recordings, interviews, survey data, fieldwork, email, blogs, empirical studies.

Primary vs. Secondary Sources Describe, discuss, interpret, comment on, analyze, evaluate, summarize, and process primary sources. Books about a topic, articles in newspapers or magazines, articles in scholarly journals that discuss or evaluate someone else’s primary research, analysis papers, documentaries that use primary sources, book or movie reviews.

Endnote Question Type #1 Container of the information noted: Book Periodical/journal Online source? What to look for: Is the title in “quotation marks” (article or shorter work) or italicized (book title or larger publication title: periodical or journal)? Is there a volume or issue number? (More likely periodical or journal) Is there a URL? (Online source) Is there a “directed by”? (Film or television) Is there “Re: something” and “Received by”? (Email) YouTube?; @something?

Endnote Question Type #2 Function/purpose of the end/footnote: Validate claim in the text Indicate where information first appeared /primary source Indicate where further information can be found Note possible objections to claim or acknowledge opposing ideas Note possible conflicts of interest or bias Note relationship between writers and/or source materials

Endnote Question Type #3 Type of information provided: Definition of a term Original source of term or idea Where further information can be located If person cited is an author, editor, translator, etc. Who published source cited When/Where it was published