Presented by: Dr. J. Domenech Www.RCVetS.com Drug dosage form Presented by: Dr. J. Domenech

Types of dosage form DRUG DOSAGE FORMS Dosage forms are a mixture of active drug component and nondrug component. Types of dosage form Liquid dosage form (solutions, syrups, suspensions, drops, injection) Solid dosage form(Capsule , tablets , powder) Semisolid dosage form(Ointments, Creams, pastes, Gels)

Solid dosage form Capsules It contain one or more medicinal substances enclosed with in a shell or container prepared from suitable form of gelatin Capsule has two types Hard gelatin capsules Soft gelatin capsules

Hard gelatin capsules It is made up of gelatin ,sugar and water Hard gelatin capsules It is made up of gelatin ,sugar and water. They are physically hard. The hard-shell gelatin capsules contain solid drugs Soft gelatin capsule It is made up of gelatin. Glycerin Or sorbitol are added to render gelatin elastic. The soft-shell gelatin capsules contain oils. These capsules are easily swallowed due to tasteless shell.

2. Tablets A tablet is a solid dosage form that is prepared by compressing or molding of the drug into various sizes and shapes. A polymer coating is often applied to make the tablet Smoother, easier to swallow, to control release rate of active ingredient, to make it more resistant to the environment and enhance tablet appearance Tablet are often stamped with symbols ,letters, and numbers which enable them to identified. Their sizes are from few millimeters to about centimeter Some tablets are in the shape of capsule are called caplets.

Types of tablet Tablets for oral administration Tablets for implantation (pellets)

Tablets for oral administration Immediate release tablet: Release the drug substance immediate after ingestion Delayed release tablet: The drug substance is not released until a physical event has occurred e.g. change in gut flora. Chewable tablet: The tablets are placed in the mouth, chewed and swallowed e.g. Lozenges Buccal tablet: These are designed to be placed in buccal cavity of mouth for rapid action. Sublingual tablets: these are placed under tongue for rapid dissolution. Effervescent tablets: The tablet contain sodium bicarbonate in addition to the drug substance. Before use they are dissolve in water.e.g. Acetylsalicylic acid

Tablets for implantation (pellets) A small tablet that is prepared for insertion under the skin by giving a small surgical cut into the skin which is stitched after the insertion of tablets. The tablet must be sterile one. Contraceptive tablets are formulated as implant

3. Powders Powders are drugs or drug extracts that are dried and ground and converted into fine particles. Advantage Use both internally and externally Good chemical stability as compared to fluids Rapid onset of action Easy to swallow even in large bulk, espacially mixed with drink food Economic Safe to children and elderly patients

Disadvantage Not suitable for drugs unstable in atmospheric condition Not suitable for bitter, deliquescent and hygroscopic drug. The dispensing of powder is time consuming. Types of powder 1)Divided powder 2)Bulk powder 1)Divided powder: They are dispensed in form of individual doses and generally are dispensed in papers, metal foil and heat sealed plastic bags and other containers.

2. Bulk powder Oral powder: They are intended to be suspended or dissolve in water or mixed with foods e.g. Antacid and laxatives Dentifrices: They contain soap or detergent, mild abrasive and anticariogenic agent Dusting powder: They are locally applying non toxic preparation that is intended to be dissolved in water prior to use as an antiseptic. They may be formulated for nasal, optic and vaginal use. Insufflations: They are introduced in body cavity such as ear ,nose, throat, tooth socket.Insuffaltor is used to administer these products.

Liquid dosage form Liquid dosage forms are prepared: (1) By dissolving the active drug substance(s) in an aqueous or no aqueous (e.g. alcohol, ether, glycerin) solvent. (2) By suspensing the drug in appropriate medium. (3) by incorporating the drug substance into an oil or water phases.

Orally (p.o.) - oral suspension and solution Parenterally - Liquid dosage forms can be administered: Topically - lotions or suspension applied to the skin, eye drops, nasal drops, ear drops Orally (p.o.) - oral suspension and solution Parenterally - subcutaneous injection (s.c.), intramuscular injection (i.m.) and intravenous administration (i.v.)

Solution Solutions are prepared by dissolving a solid or liquid drug in distilled water Solutions are intended for topical, oral, and parenteral administration. Solutions for local administration usually called lotions.

Suspension A suspension consists of a dispersion of relatively coarse particles, usually in aqueous vehicle. Suspensions may be used for oral and topical administration. Like solutions, oral suspensions are useful in children and patients who cannot tolerate a solid dosage form.

Drops Drops are solutions, tinctures or mixtures of high-potent drug substances Drops are prescribed in small quantity (10-30 g) Drops are intended to be administered orally or externally(as eye drops, nasal drops and ear drops). eye drops (collyrium): Timolol nasal (nose) drops: Olynth 0,1% ear drops: Furotalgin

Emulsions Emulsions are two-phase systems consist of liquid drug substances. They are classified as: oil-in-water emulsion (O/W) water- in-oil emulsion (W/O) Emulsions can be administered as topically, orally, and I.M.

Injection Injection is an infusion method of putting drug into the body with syringe or needle. It is usually administrated by parental route. It shows rapid action and may be used for unconscious or uncooperative patients.

Semisolid dosage forms Semisolid dosage forms are products of semisolid consistency and applied to skin or mucous membranes for therapeutic or protective action or cosmetic function.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES: a)Smooth texture b) Elegant in appearance c) Non dehydrating d) Non greasy e) Non hygroscopic f) Non irritating g) Do not alter membrane / skin functioning

OINTMENTS They are composed of fluid hydrocarbon meshed in a matrix of higher melting solid hydrocarbon, e.g. pertrolatum. According the place of application they are: 1) unguentum dermaticum 2) unguentum ophthalmicum 3) unguentum nasale

Creams These are either oil-in-water (O/W) or water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions and contain preservatives to prevent bacterial and fungal growth. Easier to spread & remove. The commonest preservatives are parabens Oil-in-water emulsions rub into the skin and are easily washed off Water-in-oil emulsions are greasier

Gels Gels are semi-colloids which liquefy on contact with the skin Gels are transparent or translucent non-greasy semisolid gels . Gels are a common form for acne preparations (e. g. Acnederm) They are used as lubricant.

Pastes semisolid preparations that contain a Larger Amount of Solids compared to ointments Stiffer than ointments, remain in place after application & can absorb serious secretions Zinc oxide paste, contains 25% ZnO in starch & white petrolatum, product is firm & can protect skin & absorb secretion Pastes