Technically & Symbolically. Reading a film… Technically & Symbolically.

Technically? Symbolically? It has been said that "A film is difficult to explain because it is easy to understand." We are used to sitting back in the dark and viewing a film uncritically, but there are a number of ways to analyse a film, both in the technical sense and symbolically. TECHNICAL – refers to how is technically constructed - camera angles, framing, editing techniques, lighting etc. SYMBOLIC - codes that have strong associative or connotative meaning - all the things which draw upon our experience and understanding of other media texts, our cultural frame of reference. These include symbolic objects, actor’s clothing, body language, set design, music, choice of language and dialogue, lighting etc NOTE - Lighting is listed twice, because the technical code of lighting is used in some way in all film genres, but it is used symbolically too. For instance, it is a convention of the horror genre that dark, side and back lighting is used to create mystery and suspense – an integral part of any horror movie.

Let’s get technical – camera shots - Camera shots are used to demonstrate different aspects of a film's setting, characters and themes. As a result, camera shots are very important in shaping meaning in a film. An extreme long shot contains a large amount of landscape. It is often used at the beginning of a scene or a film to establish general location (setting). This is also known as an establishing shot.

Camera shots An extreme long shot shows a great deal of information in the framing. It is also used to enhance certain scenes and establish different settings.

Camera Shots: A long shot contains landscape but gives the viewer a more specific idea of setting. A long shot may show the viewers the building where the action will take place or a full shot of the character within the setting.

Camera Shots: A long shot.

Camera Shots: A mid shot contains the characters or a character from the waist up. From this shot, viewers can see the characters' faces and costuming more clearly, as well as their interaction with other characters. This is also known as a social shot.

Camera Shots: A mid shot.

Camera Shots: A close-up contains just one character's face. This enables viewers to understand the actor's emotions and also allows them to feel empathy for the character. This is also known as a personal shot.

Camera Shots: A close-up forces the audience to focus on the character’s emotional state or what they are saying at a particular time.

Camera Shots: An extreme close-up contains one part of a character's face or other object. This technique is quite common in horror films, particularly the example above. This type of shot creates an intense mood and provides interaction between the audience and the viewer.

Camera Shots: An extreme close-up forces the viewer to focus on one particular object or body part.

Camera Shots: When analysing a film you should always think about the different camera shots and why they are being used. The next time that you are at the cinema or watching television see what camera shots are being used. And, more importantly, reflect on these particular shots and how they enhance the scene, character, theme or narrative.

Camera angles: Camera angles are used to position the viewer so that they can understand the relationships between the characters. These are very important for shaping meaning in film as well as in other visual texts. A bird's eye angle is an angle that looks directly down upon a scene. This angle is often used as an establishing angle, along with an extreme long shot, to establish setting.

Camera angles. A bird's eye view.

Camera angles: A high angle is a camera angle that looks down upon a subject. A character shot with a high angle will look vulnerable or small. These angles are often used to demonstrate to the audience a perspective of a particular character.

Camera angles: A high angle shot.

Camera angles: An eye-level angle puts the audience on an equal footing with the character/s. This is the most commonly used angle in most films as it allows the viewers to feel comfortable with the characters.

Camera angles: An eye-level angle

Camera angles: A low angle is a camera angle that looks up at a character. This is the opposite of a high angle and makes a character look more powerful. This can make the audience feel vulnerable and small by looking up at the character. This can help the responder feel empathy if they are viewing the frame from another character's point of view.

Camera angles: A low angle shot.

Camera angles: A Dutch angle is used to demonstrate the confusion of a character or to build suspense.

Opening credits/titles: Opening credits/titles —Titles are chosen carefully and will say a lot about of a film. Consider ‘GATTACA’ – why has this title been chosen? The opening credits establish a tone, and are often used to foreshadow events, themes, or metaphors—pay careful attention from the beginning.

Lighting: Lighting can be high or low contrast and can vary in colour and direction, depending on the scene, character etc. Lighting is a very important aspect for shaping meaning in films. What kind of atmosphere is created in a room lit by candles? A room that is brightly lit by neon lights might seem to be sterile or a shadowy room might be eerie or scary. The lighting technicians in a film crew have the task of creating lighting to suit the mood and atmosphere of each scene in a film. High-key The lighting is bright and relatively low in contrast ­ often used for Hollywood musical comedies. Low-key Much more pronounced shadows and dramatic contrasts. Lighting from below This can be used to make a subject appear threatening or horrific. Backlighting Produces a ‘halo’ effect around the edges of the subject. Colour Cold or blue-ish lighting can convey a sense of distance, alienation, impersonal or technology, while warm or yellowish lighting can be used to convey comfort, sunset and so on. Green is often associated with nature or sickliness, disease or to convey something ‘wrong’. Whereas red usually symbolizes danger, intense emotion or passion. Black-and-white or sepia can be used to show that a scene is set in the past, or to suggest sophistication. If colours are very rich and intense they are described as saturated.

Lighting: Lighting can be high or low contrast and can vary in colour and direction, depending on the scene, character etc. Analyse the lighting:

Lighting: Lighting can be high or low contrast and can vary in colour and direction, depending on the scene, character etc. Analyse the lighting:

Mise en scene - the way in which objects, scenery and the location are shown by using light and dark, pattern, colour, camera position and angle, and movement within the frame. Mise-en-scene establishes mood and atmosphere, and can express the inner life of characters through the way in which their settings are depicted on screen. Mise en scene refers to all the objects and characters in a particular frame. More specifically, it refers to the composition of the frame. When you use the term mise en scene, you are discussing where the director has placed all the elements of the scene within the frame.

Your turn to analyse the mise en scene.