Age of Religious Wars Struggle for Power Religion or Politics ?

Protestants vs. Catholics Reformation caused a series of wars. Europe was trying to RE-Discovery itself. Wars are both national and international conflicts. 1555: Peace of Augsberg -> cuius regio, eius religio 1563: Council of Trent ended 1564: Calvin dies in Geneva

Religion into Political Structure Catholics – stressed the episcopal church system where obedience to the person at the top was emphasized. Calvinists – adopted a presbyterian church system where local churches maintained individual control.

Cultural Developments Baroque Art: Three-dimensional display of life and energy. Grandiose and elegant landscapes and portraits. Differences in Catholic vs. Protestant Peter Paul Rubens: 1571-1640 Rembrandt van Rijn: 1606-1669

Intellectual Developments Skepticism, Relativism, & Individualism “To kill a man is not to defend a doctrine, but to kill a man” Politiques: Rulers who urged tolerance and moderation for political unity.

French Wars of Religion 1562-1598 French Protestants- Huguenots Edict of Fontainebleu 1540 Edict of Chateaubriand 1551 For the most part, France remained a staunch foe of Protestants.

Internal Conflicts Henry II accidentally dies and breaks Habsburg-Valois peace. Francis II becomes KING. Families vie for power: - Bourbons - Montmorency-Chatillons - Guises

Catherine de Medicis Ascends to power, as the regency of her son, Francis II and then Charles IX Guise sympathies War with the Huguenots Machiavellian

Factors of War Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye - In 1570, Granted religious freedom to the Huguenots. 1571 – Battle of Lepanto Spain crushes the Turks Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre - August 24, 1572 over 20,000 Protestants were killed.

St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

A Nominal Peace In 1589, Henry III was stabbed and Henry (IV) Navarre, a Huguenot Protestant, came to power. A true politique Edict of Nantes 1598: Granted the religious freedom of worship.

Henry IV 1589-1610 Bourbon Dynasty A true politique who ended the Wars of Religion in France Treaty of Vervins Assassinated in 1610 by a Catholic Monk

Pillars of Spanish Power Philip II: Ruler of the Eastern Habsburg Dynasty, a true Machiavellian ruler Extremely Catholic Wealth and Power come from the New World. Wanted complete control over Europe

Philip II: 1556-1598 New World Riches Increased Population Silver and Gold Increased Population Subjugated Poor Efficient Bureaucracy Controlled Lesser Nobles Supremacy in the Mediterranean

The Netherlands Philip’s first attempt to seize northern Europe was in the Netherlands His efforts, however, were to no avail 1550s - Calvinism makes its way into the Netherlands

Protestant Opposition William of Orange - Calvinist who opposed Philip II. Compromise of 1564: pledge to resist the decrees of Trent and the Inquisition. Philip sends the Duke Alba to the Netherlands.

Duke of Alba Arrives in Rotterdam 1567 10,000 soldiers Reign of Terror “Tenth Penny” - Sales Tax

Resistance & Unification William of Orange joined forces with “Sea Beggars” In 1572, capture the city of Brill Pacification of Ghent: 1576 - Splits the Netherlands. - North: Protestant - South: Catholic

Towards Independence Union of Arras: supported the Counter- Reformation -> Trent Union of Utrecht: supported Calvinism. 1581 - Wm of Orange declares Independence from Spain 1584 - He was assassinated! Independence not recognized until 1648

England’s Religious Wars Mary Tudor: reinstates Catholicism Married to Philip II – her cousin “Bloody Mary” killed thousands of Protestants Died 1558 supposedly giving birth - no heir so Elizabeth I became the Regent

Thomas Cranmer’s Execution

Elizabeth I: 1558-1603 A true politique Political unity in England Re-established the Church of England Never marries

Internal Problems Catholicism vs. Protestantism in England. Elizabeth sought the middle road Protestants split in England: - Presbyterians - Congregationalists

External Problems Problems stem from Spain Elizabeth I was the only support and hope for the Protestants in northern Europe 1585 - Treaty of Nonsuch 1587 - executes Mary Scots

Tilbury Speech

Spanish Armada: 1588

Political or Religious ? The Thirty Years’ War was the last and most destructive wars of religion. It established the map of Europe and brought the world into modernity. BUT… was it a political struggle or a religious crusade?

Religious Divisions Lutherans were established in the north and protected by the Peace of Augsburg in 1555. Catholics had established a stronghold in France, Spain, and HRE. Calvinist took over the Palatine under elector Frederick III - 1559-76

Four Periods of War Bohemian - 1618-1625 Danish - 1625-1629 Swedish - 1630-1635 Swedish-French - 1635-1648

Bohemian Period Ferdinand II a Habsburg Catholic makes an entrance in 1618. May 1618 - Defenestration of Prague Calvinists protest and elect Frederick V to the Palatine. Ferdinand II finds allies in Spain and the Catholic Holy League.

Danish Period King of Denmark - Christian IV was a Lutheran with BIG goals. The Catholic League and Albrecht of Wallenstein, a Catholic mercenary. Edict of Restitution 1629

Swedish Period Gustavos Adolphus wanted to maximize his interests in the mainland. Backed by the French and the Dutch Killed in 1632 by Wallenstein in the Battle of Lutzen. Wallenstein assassinated by Ferdinand

Swedish-French Period French moved directly into the war. The mostly deadly phase of the war, with over a third of the German population being wiped out. Resulted in a politically fragmented and weak German region.

Treaty of Westphalia Clearly this peace treaty is a secular document, but what exactly does it establish? How did it significantly bring about the entrance into the modern era?

Interpretations What was the motivating factor behind the Thirty Years’ War? - Religion - Politics - Greed

Next Week Briefly trace the paths to power of England and France in 17th century and define what differences were in the two distinct formations. Focus on ONE: either England’s Path to Constitutionalism or France’s Success in Absolutism.