Verbs are listed in a dictionary like this * present infinitive perfect (past) perfect( past) participle amo, amāre, amavi, amatus I love, to love, loved, loved * these are called the 4 principal parts of a verb

PRESENT TENSE How to make it? TAKE the 2nd PRINCIPAL PART- INFINITIVE take off the RE ending add the personal endings: -O, -S, -T, -MUS, -TIS, -NT

Each conjugation family will have a different stem Conjugations Stems 1st AMĀRE AMĀ- 2nd TENĒRE TENĒ- 3rd SCRIBĔRE SCRIB- 4th DORMĪRE DORMĪ- THIS STEM IS CALLED- THE PRESENT STEM

PRESENT TENSE OF 4 CONJUGATIONS 1st AMĀ –RE + add the personal endings

Singular Plural 1st -o/m -mus 2nd -s -tis 3rd -t -nt Verb Endings (ego) -mus (we) 2nd -s (tu) -tis (you all) 3rd -t (he/she/it) -nt (they)

AMĀ-RE Singular Plural 1st amo amamus 2nd amas amatis 3rd amat amant

Singular Plural 1st teneo tenemus 2nd tenes tenetis 3rd tenet tenent 2nd TENĒ-RE Singular Plural 1st teneo tenemus 2nd tenes tenetis 3rd tenet tenent

Singular Plural 1st scribo 2nd scrib-i-s scrib-i-tis 3rd scrib-i-t 3rd SCRIBĔ-RE Singular Plural 1st scribo scrib-i-mus 2nd scrib-i-s scrib-i-tis 3rd scrib-i-t scrib-u-nt

Singular Plural 1st dormio dormimus 2nd dormis dormitis 3rd dormit 4th DORMĪ-RE Singular Plural 1st dormio dormimus 2nd dormis dormitis 3rd dormit dormiunt

IMPERFECT TENSE It is formed from the same stem as present tense: PRESENT STEM + BA+ PERSONAL ENDINGS

Examples: 1st conjugation: ama+ba+m, ama+ba+s, ama+ba+t…etc. 2ndconjugation: tene+ba+m, tene+ba+s, tene+ba+t…etc. 3rd conjugation: scrib-e+ba+m, scrib-e+ba+s, scrib-e+ba+t..etc 4th conjugation: dormi-e+ba+m, dormi-e+ba+s, dormi-e+ba+t.. If you noticed the 3rd and 4th conjugation inserted an e between the stem and ba tense indicator

The 3rd principal part of a verb perfect (past) amav-i stem + ending

Possible stems endings on: – s, u, v, x, long vowel, reduplication scribo, scribĕre, scripsi ostendo, ostendĕre, ostendī teneo, tenēre, tenui do, dāre, dedi amo, amāre, amavi curro, currĕre, cucurri dormio, dormīre, dormivi traho, trahĕre, traxi

Perfect tense endings – i I 1. –imus we - isti you 2. – istis you all SINGULAR PLURAL – i I 1. –imus we - isti you 2. – istis you all - it he, she, it 3. – ĕrunt they

Conclusion: We learned 2 stems in LATIN PRESENT stem PERFECT stem (found in INFINITIVE- 2nd principal part) (3rd principal part) makes makes present tense imperfect tense perfect tense