Figure 1 Colonic inflammation in IBD and link to the gut microbiota

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Figure 1 Colonic inflammation in IBD and link to the gut microbiota Figure 1 | Colonic inflammation in IBD and link to the gut microbiota. Colonic inflammation stimulates IFNγ production, which generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) by phagocytic innate immune cells. These radicals eventually form products for anaerobic respiration. Facultative anaerobes utilize these products to outgrow, causing decreases in bacterial diversity. The dysbiotic microbiota might further encourage the outgrowth of fungi, especially Candida, which can in turn exacerbate inflammation via chitin and β‑glucan antigen-presenting cell (APC) activation of the type 1 T helper (TH1) pathway. Similarly, the dysbiotic microbiota are associated with increased bacteriophage richness and abundance, which can in turn modify the bacterial microbiota via gene transfer. DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide; TMAO, trimethylamine N‑oxide. Ni, J. et al. (2017) Gut microbiota and IBD: causation or correlation? Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2017.88