Fundamentals of Flexible Bronchoscopy Conventional Transbronchial Needle Aspiration RESULTS AND COMPLICATIONS www.Bronchoscopy.org
Results and complications bronchoscopy.org
Indications for cTBNA: When to perform TBNA Mediastinal staging for suspected carcinoma (espeically level 7 and 4R) Mediastinal tumors of unclear origin Submucosal needles for diagnosis of endobronchial disease Endobronchial needle aspiration of airway lesions. TBNA of Subcarinal mass www.bronchoscopy.org
Indications for TBNA Focal or diffuse endobronchial mucosal or submucosal infiltration suggestive of Infection Carcinoma or lymphoma Pulmonary nodules and masses Mediastinal adenopathy or masses Endobronchial lesions, especially in cases of substantial neovascularization where biopsy may cause bleeding, or necrotic lesions where a core, rather than surface biopsy is warranted. www.bronchoscopy.org
TBNA can also be used to sample peripheral lung nodules Courtesy P. Lee, Singapore www.bronchoscopy.org
Contraindications to TBNA Patients unable to tolerate bronchoscopy Careful consideration should be given to patients with bleeding disorders. www.bronchoscopy.org
Complications of cTBNA Perforation of great vessels Pneumomediastinum Air embolus Airway bleeding Pneumothorax www.bronchoscopy.org
Patient-related complications Fever Transient bacteremia Pneumomediastinum Pneumothorax Bleeding Inadvertent puncture of mediastinal structures Aortic arch Left Pulmonary artery www.bronchoscopy.org
Equipment-related complications Puncture of bronchoscope Tear of working channel of bronchoscope Broken needles Do not retract or advance Be sure the needle is fully inside the sheath Staff-related Needle stick injury www.bronchoscopy.org
Preventing needle-related complications Control flexion-extension. Avoid advancing needle through fully flexed scope. Caution if resistance is felt while advancing needle-catheter through working channel. Never withdraw needle catheter without first assuring that needle is retracted into the catheter. Straighten scope during needle withdrawal BI
Results: Yield of TBNA Sensitivity generally reported to be >70 % for malignancy Specificity generally reported to be > 90% for malignancy Positive predictive value 100%,and negative predictive value 70% for malignancy. Negative TBNA warrants confirmation by mediastinal exploration results. www.bronchoscopy.org
Diagnostic yield depends on Bronchoscopist’s experience Cytopathologist's experience Use of Rapid On-site examination Location of abnormality being sampled (yield is highest for subcarina and right paratracheal nodes) Needles used (cytology and histology) Nodule size Lymph node size Cell type (usually higher for small cell carcinoma than for nonsmall cell carcinoma) www.bronchoscopy.org
Rapid on-site examination Rapid On-Site Examination (ROSE) by cyto-pathologist improves diagnostic yield. Identifies “representative” material. Helps assure sufficient material is obtained for diagnosis and molecular studies. www.bronchoscopy.org
Number of specimens needed Even one pass may be enough If on site examination provides diagnosis Best to obtain several specimens Process specimens according to protocol developed in partnership with cytopathology department. Obtain sample for cell block Obtain sufficient material for molecular studies ROSE shortens duration of procedure, increases diagnostic yield, accelerates patient management decisions, and enhances chances for rapid treatment www.bronchoscopy.org
Prepared with help from Udaya Prakash M. D. (USA), Atul Mehta M. D Prepared with help from Udaya Prakash M.D. (USA), Atul Mehta M.D. (USA), Stefano Gasparini, and Wes Shepherd M.D. (USA) www.Bronchoscopy.org